565 



branches or along the ground, while the winged forms are able to fl}- 

 from tree to tree. The time when these movements start is of great 

 importance as regards their control ; they begin with the second 

 generation and increase with the appearance of the next, especially 

 during June and July. 



The relations between ants and P. persicae are discussed at length 

 in a special chapter. Four species of ants, not identified, were observed 

 amongst the colonies. In several instances ants Avere seen carrying 

 away wings of this Aphid which they had apparently bitten off. Of 

 the four species observed, at least two play an important part in the 

 life of P. persicae. Besides keeping away the parasites from the 

 colonies, which they are able to do only to a Umited extent, they gnaw- 

 out and remove from the bodies of the infested Aphids the larvae and 

 pupae of the parasites [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, pp. 210, 211]. 



Four species of parasites were observed among the colonies, one 

 being a mite, the other three belonging to the Hymenoptera. Of these, 

 one, having points of resemblance with Paclvjneuron syrphi, Ratz., 

 and Encyrtus aphidiwras, Mayr, is probably a hyperparasite of one 

 of the remaining two species, of which the life-history was not worked 

 out, as it was found only occasionally. The remaining species, 

 apparently belonging to the genus Aphidius, mainly oviposits in the 

 vounger larvae. This parasite winters in the larval stage inside the 

 dead host and has several generations. Other enemies of this Aphid 

 include : Syr])hid larvae, one a species of Syrphus and the other a 

 species of Melithreplus: and wasps, probably Pfien paUidipes, Pz.,are 

 predaceous on the young larvae. P. perm-ae also suffers from a 

 fungus disease, caused probably by a species of Capnodium. 



Serious damage from P. persicae has been noticed only on peach 

 trees, the other trees on which it is found shoAving no signs of being 

 affected, whereas on peaches whole branches are frequently killed. 

 The author intends to continue his observations as to the best remedies 

 for this pest and quotes a number of statements on this subject by 

 other observers. Kerosene-lime-emulsion (2-3 lb. of kerosene, ^-|- lb. of 

 lime in 3 gallons of water), quassia soap emulsion, tobacco emulsion, 

 and smearing Avith carbolineum, are mentioned as effective remedies. 



KkasSILSHTCHIK (I.). KaKli GopOTbCfl CTjaWlSapHblWb flOnrOHOCHKOMli. 



[How to control Calandra granaria, L.] — « 3eMJiefltJlb4eCHafl 

 ra3eTa.» [Agricidtural Gazette], Petrograd, nos. 29 (195) & 30- 

 31 (196-197), 4th & 18th August 1917, pp. 566-568 & 590-591. 



Pre\'entive measures, aiming principally at the isolation of clean 

 from infested grain, should be the chief method of checking the 

 damage done by Calandra granaria. This Aveevil is not found either in 

 the field or in the threshing ground, but hides in the store-houses, and 

 if these can be freed from it before the ncAv grain is brought in, no 

 danger of infestation should arise. In the first instance measures 

 must be directed against the original sites of infestation, i.e., in the 

 stores of the peasants in the Anllages ; new grain must be introduced 

 only after these have been thoroughly cleared of the pest, and in 

 cases where their structure does not allow of this, they should not 

 be used for storing grain. The cleaning of the store-houses can be 

 done by mechanical means and by fumigating, for Avhich purpose 



