vox TuBECF (C). Nachtrage zur Kenntnis des Fichtensamenoles und 



seiner Gewinnung. [Additions to the Knowledge of Fir Seed Oil 



and its Production.] — Natunvissenschftl Zeitschr. f. Fort- u. 



Laridmrtschaft, Stuttgart, xv, no. 7-9, July-September 1917, 



pp. 239-252. 



By crushing fir seed it is possible to obtain about 20 per cent, of 



edible oil and 75 per cent, of oil-cake. The seeds in many tir-cones 



are infested by the larvae of PlemelieUa abielina, Seitn. (fir seed gall 



midge), of which all the developmental stages were described by 



Seitner in 1908. Nitsche had previously reported the injury as affecting 



15 per cent, of seed samples examined. The infested seeds are slightly 



sunken and discoloured, and they are flatter and more pointed than 



normal ones. According to Seitner development \\ithin the seed in 



the majority of cases takes three years. Pupation lasts eighteen days, 



and the adult midge escapes through an exit-hole bored before pupation. 



The eggs are deposited in the flowers, and the larvae bore into the 



ovulum, which attains the shape and size of a seed without a gall 



being formed. Seitner states that the larvae attain their full-growth 



in October when the seeds are ripe, so that five months only are 



required for this stage. As the seed is hollow and contains nothing 



but the larva, it is difficult to know what the latter feeds on during 



the two years between maturity and puliation. 



ZiMMERMANN (H.). Die Kohlwanze {Eurydema oleraceum, L.). Ein 

 Beitrag zur der Kenntnis der Lebensweise. [The Cabbage Bug, 

 E. oleraceum : A Contribution to tiie Knowledge of its Habits.] — 

 Zeitschr. f. Pjlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 

 1917, pp. 193-199. 

 A brief description of Eurydema oleraceum, L., and notes on its distri- 

 bution in Europe are followed by an account of an outbreak in Mecklen- 

 burg in 1915 and 191 G, which was the most severe since 1893. White 

 swedes were heavily infested and sometimes destroyed, himdreds of 

 bugs being seen on each plant. Cabbages also were killed. In one 

 case the destruction of the swedes was followed by migi'ation to an 

 adjacent potato field and the destruction of the plants there. An 

 adjoining field of oats was also attacked, but without apparent damage. 

 Coccinellids were noticed preying on the bugs in 1915. Wet weather 

 checked the outbreak. On cloudy, cool days the insects may be 

 shaken on to sheets of cardboard, and if the infestation is severe, a 

 petroleum-soap spray will act to some extent as a repellent. Lysol, 

 insect-powder, and trap-crops of mustard or radish have been recom- 

 mended. Nicotine-soap proved useless in Mecklenburg, but covering 

 the plants with earth gave good results. 



MuTH (F.). Die Knospenmilbe {Eriophyes loewi, Nal.) und der Hetero- 

 sporiumpilz (Heterosporium syringae, Oud.), zwei Schadlinge des 

 Flieders. [The Bud Mite, E. loewi, Nal, and the Fimgus, Hetero- 

 sporium syringae, injuring the Elder.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrank- 

 heiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 203. (Abstract 

 from Zeitschr. f. Wein-, Obst- u. Gartenbau, 1914, pp. 22-27, 4 figs.) 



Cutting back and burning the infested branches are the remedies 

 advised for injury to elders by Eriophyes loewi, Nal. 



