117 



useful as timber. It prefers trees weakened from various causes, 

 such as the attacks of the pine beetle, Myelophilus piniperda, and the 

 lesser pine weevil, Pissodes pini. It is best controlled by silvicultural 

 measures, such as the regular thinning of growing woods, cutting out 

 sickly and suppressed stems, the barking of all timber immediately on 

 felling, together with the burning of the bark peeled off. These 

 measures deprive it of its breeding-ground and render it innocuous, 

 while involving no extra work for the forester. 



In the case of H. ater and H. cimiculanus such measures are of less 

 value, as they are enemies of the young plantations during the first 

 few years of their existence, and, being root-feeders, measures against 

 them consist of careful planting, and planning of felling and planting. 

 In present-day forestry this, and also the natural regeneration system, 

 involves a strict following of the working plan and precludes extra- 

 ordinary felhngs, having for their aim the prevention of the occurrence 

 of breeding-grounds and feeding-grounds in close proximity. The 

 wade distribution of H. ater in Scotland and its present increase are 

 probably due to the extension of felled areas caused by the present 

 drain on the country's timber resources. Special measures against 

 these two species are difficult to devise and costly to carry out. The 

 uprooting of stumps, which is the most effective measure, is costly 

 and leaves the groimd littered with stumps, of no market value and 

 difficult to remove, while burning them is equally expensive. Burning 

 brushwood and other litter on the tops of the stumps costs from 305. 

 to £2 per acre, and creosoting them is probably cheaper. 



HuiE (L. H.). Endemis naevana, Hb., the Holly Tortrix Moth. — Proc. 

 R. Physical Soc. Edinburgh, December 1917, xx, part 3, pp. 164- 

 178, 1 plate, 6 tables. 



Rhopobota {Eudemis) naevana, Hb., of which R. {E.) geminana, 

 Stph. — a name given to the form feeding on Vaccinmm — is a synonym, 

 is a common moth infesting holly trees in England, the lowlands of 

 Scotland and parts of Ireland. Apple and hawthorn have also been 

 recorded as host-plants, but in a garden containing many holly trees 

 they were not attacked, though the larvae were successfully reared 

 on the leaves of both. 



The adults emerge at the end of July and the beginning of August, 

 oviposition taking place in August on the under-sides of holly leaves. 

 The larvae, which hatch out the following year at the end of April or 

 beginning of May, begin feeding at once on the young leaves of the 

 opening apical buds, first attacking the outer leaves and working their 

 way inwards. They undergo four moults, and during the third and 

 fourth instars they protect themselves while feeding by fastening the 

 leaves together by a silken webbing, which prevents the unfolding 

 of the buds. The caterpillar is full fed by the end of June or the 

 beginning of July and pupates between two contiguous leaves of a 

 lower branch about a week later, the adults emerging in another 2 

 or 3 weeks. Injury to the tree consists in the destruction of the 

 growing point, disfigurement due to accumulations of frass, and the 

 distortion of the leaves by rolling and irregular growth. 



Experimental control measures were tried against the newly hatched 

 larvae and against those in the first or second instar, by spraying the 



