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hibernating in the cone and pupating late in the next spring. The 

 pupae push themselves out between the scales before the adults 

 emerge. Infested cones appear shrimken and show an exudation of 

 resin. The damage done by this species is contrasted with that of 

 Dioryctria abieteUa. 



Scolytus muUislriatus (small elm bark-beetle) gnaws a longitudinal 

 gallery in the cambium of sickly elm trees, cutting notches along the 

 sides of the gallery for the eggs. The larvae tunnel at right-angles to 

 the parent-gallery in the bark or outermost wood rings. Pupation 

 takes place in the bark, the adults issuing through shot-like exit holes. 

 In conjunction with S. destructor this beetle may effect considerable 

 damage. The larvae of the Tineid, PhyUorycter {LithocoUetis) tnessa- 

 niella, mine in the leaves of broad-leaved trees such as oak, and holm 

 oak {Quercus ilex), causing pale-coloured blotches on the dark leaves. 

 Sirex gi-gas (giant wood wasp) o\'iposits in spruce and silver fir and 

 sometimes in pine and larch. Sirex nodilis (steel-blue wood wasp) 

 usually oviposits in pine, but sometimes in spruce and silver fir. The 

 galleries made by the larvae spoil the wood for technical purposes. 

 Felled or broken trunks should not be left lying about, as they are 

 used for breeding and act as centres from which these wasps pass to 

 standing trees. Enarmonia woeberiana (cherry- and plum-tree borer) 

 oviposits near the base of the trunk and the larvae feed on the bast 

 of peach, cherry and pear trees and on the decorative plant, Pyra- 

 cantha lelandi, causing the dying-off of the infested branch or stem. 

 Lepidosaphes ulmi (apple mussel scale) infests apples and other 

 rosaceous fruit-trees, and many shrubs and trees. Abraxas grossu- 

 lariata (gooseberry and currant moth) is injurious in April and May, 

 the larvae stripping the bushes of their leaves, and attacking also 

 blackthorn, hazel and Euonymus. The caterpillars hibernate and 

 complete their development in the following spring. It is in their 

 early stage, when they feed for a short time only, or w^hen they are 

 hibernating mider leaves spun together or in the litter below^ their 

 food-plants or in cracks in walls, that this pest can be fought vnth 

 some success. The plants should then be pruned and the cuttings 

 burnt ; the ground below should be dug deeply after a dressing ^vith 

 powdered quicklime ; loose leaves should be collected from the bushes. 

 Lead arsenate spray wall poison the larvae, but should not be used 

 within 4 weeks of the fruit being picked. Ichneumonids and Tachinids 

 are both parasitic on these caterpillars, while cuckoos are apparently 

 the only birds that can devour them with impunity. Pteronus 

 (Nematus) ribesii (gooseberry sawfly) oviposits in April and May on 

 the leaves of gooseberry ; the eggs hatch in a week, and after a month 

 of feeding the caterpillars descend to the ground and pupate beneath 

 the surface, the adults emerging about 3 weeks later. The cocoons 

 of the next generation lie in the soil through the winter, adults emerging 

 from these in April or May. Lead arsenate spray is recommended, 

 or a mixture of hellebore 1 oz. and water 3 gals., the spray requiring 

 constant agitation as the hellebore does not dissolve in water. Two 

 ounces of flour may be added to aid adhesion. Hellebore and fine 

 soot can be scattered along the row^s of bushes by hand. Hellebore 

 should not be used within 4 to 6 weeks of gathering the fruit. In 

 winter, the surface soil should be renewed to a depth of 2 inches in 

 order to remove the cocoons. Hyalopterus anindinis {pruni) (mealy 



