169 



distributed in tlie United States, but ranks as a serious pest only in 

 the southern part of the pecan-growing area. It is found practically 

 wherever the various hickories that are its preferred food occur. 

 Wild crab {Crataegus sp.) and walnut are also attacked, while the 

 pecan industry is seriously affected by its ravages. 



The eggs of A. nebulella are deposited singly on the under-side 

 of the leaflet, usually at the junction of the veins with the midrib, 

 during the latter part of July, and after an incubation period of 6 to 8 

 days the larvae hatch and begin to feed on the under leaf-surface. 

 Feeding continues for about 3 months, during which time the larvae 

 are protected by a case composed of particles of frass or grains of 

 excrement woven together with fine silken threads ; this is attached 

 to the under-surface of the leaflet, with the larger end open. In late 

 September, before the foliage begins to drop, the larvae migrate to 

 the buds, where they construct small brown cases in which they 

 hibernate, remaining quiescent until late March or early April, and 

 just as the buds are bursting they leave their winter cases and feed 

 voraciously upon the unfolding buds and leaves. When present in 

 sufficient numbers, the larvae are able to eat the green foliage as 

 rapidly as it appears, so that the trees may remain defoliated for a 

 considerable time. The pupa is formed within the case during the 

 last days of April, the adults beginning to emerge in the middle of 

 May and continuing to do so until mid-July. 



Natural enemies that act as a check on this case-bearer, without 

 however constituting an efficient control, include three species of 

 birds, the blue jay {Cyanocitta cristuta), the mocking-bird {Mimus 

 polyglottus) and the orchard oriole {Icterus spurius). II}Tnenopterous 

 parasites reared by the author from larvae and pupae of A. fiebulella 

 include the Ichneumonids, Itoplectis cotiquisitor, Say, Tridistus apicalis, 

 €ress., CalliephiaUes grapholithae, Cress., and Pristcnnerus sp. ; the 

 Braconids, Macrocentrus delicatus, Cress., Meteorus sp. Habrobracon 

 variabilis, Cush., and Orgilus sp. ; and the Chalcidids, Secodella 

 acrobasis, Cwfd., and Cerambycobius sp. Tachinid parasites include 

 Leskiomima tenera, Wied., and Exorista sp. near E. pyste. Walk., thi 

 being probably a new species. Other parasites include Spilochalcis 

 vittata, ¥., and Trichogramma minutum, Riley, reared from the eggs. 

 The most effective parasite is Secodella acrobasis, which was reared 

 abundantly from hibernating larvae. 



The results of experimental work in the control of A. nebulella 

 extending over a period of more than three years are given in detail, 

 and these show conclusively that even bad infestations can be con- 

 trolled by a single application of a solution of 1 lb. powdered or 2 lb. 

 paste lead arsenate and 3 lb. freshly slaked lime in 50 U.S. gals, water. 

 If the hme be omitted, injury to the tree will result. This spray must 

 be applied after the beginning of August and up to mid-September, 

 while all the larvae are feeding on the foliage. Hibernating larvae 

 that have escaped the spray can be destroyed by fumigation for one 

 horn' with 1| oz. sodium cyanide to each 100 cub.-ft. of space. 



La Lutte centre la Chenille processionnaire du Pin. [The Campaign 

 against the Pine Processionary Caterpillar.] — Jl. d Agric. Pratique, 

 Paris, xxxi, no. 4, 21st February 1918, pp. 77-78. 



For the control of the pine processionary caterpillar [Cnethocampa 

 (C458) O 



