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occurrinf!; on wild and cultivated pecans and hickory nuts, during 

 August and September. The eggs, to the number of 3 to 7, are 

 deposited in the kernel of the nut which the resulting larvae destroy, 

 afterwards boring their way out to enter the soil, where they pupate 

 and hibernate at a depth of about 6 inches. 



A remedial measure recommended is the extensive cultivation of 

 the soil in pecan orchards to destroy the larvae and pu})ae by exjjosure 

 to the air and to natural enemies, or the pasturing of pigs in the 

 orchards for the same purpose. Fumigation of the nuts with carbon 

 bisulphide should also prove an effective remedy against this weevil. 

 The chief insects injuring the foliage and shoots are : — Acrohasis 

 nehuleUa, Riley (pecan leaf case-bearer), an account of which has 

 already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 168] ; Coleophom 

 carf/aefoliella, Clem, (pecan cigar case-bearer) occurring also on hickory 

 and black walnut and controlled by the same methods ; Proteopteryx 

 hoUiana, Sling, (pecan bud-moth), which causes stunted growth and 

 excessive branching by feeding on the terminal buds, but is seldom 

 of sufficient importance to warrant special spraying ; Hyphantria 

 oinea, Drury (fall webworm), of which there are two generations in 

 the south, the webs being found as early as May ; Datana integerrima, 

 G. R. (walnut caterpillar), which, however, rarely damages pecan 

 orchards that have been sprayed with arsenicals ; Phylloxera caryae- 

 caulis, Fitch (hickory phylloxera) ; and Monellia caryella, Fitch 

 (little hickory aphis), which also infests hickory and the California 

 black walnut, doing, however, so little damage to pecan foliage that 

 no special remedial measures are required. 



Insects injuring the trunk and branches are : — Termites, of which 

 the most widespread and abundant species in the eastern United 

 States is Leucotermes flavipes, Kollar. Young budded and grafted 

 pecan trees have sometimes been killed by termite attacks, the tap- 

 root being completely hollowed out. This has generally occurred in 

 plantations on new land containing an abundance of dead wood and 

 humus. The best remedy is the removal of all decaying wood from 

 orchards and nurseries. Nests, when located, may be destroyed by 

 carbon bisulphide. The moth, Cossula magnifica, Strecker, in its 

 larval stage tunnels in the hard wood of the trunk and larger branches, 

 making galleries several inches in length. The only remedy against 

 this pest is the destruction of the larvae in the larger branches and 

 trunk by the injection of carbon bisulphide, the holes being imme- 

 diately stopped up with putty, grafting wax, wooden pegs, or moist 

 clay. The beetle, Chrysohothris femorata, F. (flat-headed apple-tree 

 borer), which also attacks stone-fruit trees [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, 

 p. 317], is especially abundant on pecan trees in May, and from mid- 

 August to mid-September. A practicable control measure might be 

 the use of trap-logs, made from newly-cut branches of oak, hickory 

 or pecan, 4-6 ft. in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. These, smeared 

 with a viscous substance and placed in the orchard at intervals of 

 100 ft. or less during the late winter or very early spring should yield 

 valuable results, especially in neglected orchards and those adjacent to 

 extensive woodlands. The beetle, Xylobiops {Sinoxylon) basilaris, 

 Say (red-shouldered shot-hole borer) only occasionally attacks fairly 

 healthy trees, but Oncideres cingulatus. Say (hickory twig-girdler) 

 ranks as a first-class pest in the pecan-growing sections of the southern 

 (C472) a2 



