309 



E. obsoleta, Say. A number of Hymenopterous larvae found in one 

 of the cages containing E. tricostata proved to be Perilitns eleodis, Vier., 

 the same parasite having been reared also from E. opaca. This 

 parasite emerges through the anal aperture of the beetle and pupates 

 after spinning a silken cocoon. After an average pupal stage of 9 

 days the adults emerge and remain close to the ground, trying to get 

 under the beetles in order to oviposit in the abdominal sutures and 

 at the junction of the legs and body. Many parasites may infest 

 a single beetle, as many as 124 larvae having been secured from one 

 individual, though the average number bred from one beetle is 50. 

 Although in some years as much as 50 per cent, of the beetles may 

 be parasitised, the average parasitism seems to be only 5 or 7 per cent. 



Most of the species of the genus Eleodes reach their greatest abund- 

 ance in areas of little rainfall, but owing to the wide distribution of 

 E. tricostata it is probably not as greatly influenced by moisture 

 conditions as most of the other species. The effect of moisture on 

 the adults of Eleodes in general results in the dominant form of sculp- 

 turing being determined by seasonal conditions, a hot, dry season 

 producing a large number of the smooth forms, and a cold wet season 

 the more striate and punctured forms. 



E. tricostata has not yet become of sufficient economic importance 

 to warrant any extensive control experiments. In the laboratory, 

 poisoned bran gave good results with the adults, but the larvae lived 

 for weeks on this diet. Fallowing and rotation are courses that might, 

 however, be followed with advantage. 



Childs (L.). Seasonal Irregularities of the Codling Moth. — Jl. Econ. 

 Eniom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 224-231. 



The work of which, a resume is given in this paper has been con- 

 ducted for the purpose of supplying fruit-growers with information 

 which would enable them to apply lead arsenate sprays more intelli- 

 gently and satisfactorily. The recommendations issued by some 

 central or distant station in the form of spray bulletins are often 

 useless for the control of Cydia pomonella in certain regions of the 

 Pacific North-west, where most diverse conditions exist in a com- 

 paratively small area. Variations of temperature, due to altitude, 

 coastal and mountain influences, are such as to warrant seasonal 

 studies of the moth in various localities, such studies being of greater 

 importance in the control of the second generation than of the first, 

 which can generally be effectively controlled by following a pre- 

 arranged spraying programme. 



The necessary data were obtained by the use of breeding cages 

 distributed throughout the valley of the Hood Kiver, Oregon, at 

 different altitudes, commercial apple orchards occurring there at levels 

 of 100 to nearly 2,000 ft. The average seasonal variations in the two 

 extremes given proved to be 15 days to 3 weeks for the first brood, 

 and about 10 days for the second. 



That the kind of weather experienced in any particular season is 

 able to influence the date of emergence of both the first and second 

 broods of moths, is very evident from a consideration of that obtaining 

 in the years 1915 to 1917 inclusive. The spring of 1915 began with 

 an early, warm spell that induced the partial emergence of the first 



