448 



occupies two years. Eggs are deposited in cuts made in the trunks 

 of trees, usually within half an inch of the groimd. After an incubation 

 period of two weeks the larvae begin feeding in the inner bark. During 

 the second year the hardwood is penetrated ; by the end of the second 

 season the larvae attain their full growth and pupate in the hardwood. 

 The number of instars in the larval period varies, but there are usually 

 at least six. It is believed that the larvae may be reared to maturity 

 ill apples. Pupation usually takes place in April, the pupal stage 

 lasting about tliree weeks. Adults frequently remain in the trees for 

 some days after transformation, oviposition occurring some 10 days 

 after emergence. The beetles feed extensively on the bark of twigs, 

 on the ribs of leaves and even on the fruit during the time they are 

 visible in the orchard. Trees between 3 and 10 years old are preferred 

 for attack. The chief recommendation for the control of this insect 

 is the cutting out of individual larvae from their burrows in early 

 August (for the Ozarks) and in April. Adults can be controlled on 

 young trees by spraying them with 1 Tb. arsenate of lead to 50 U,S, 

 g^ls. water. Trees that are planted in the vicinity of infested orchards 

 may be protected with an asphaltum-linseed oil compound which should 

 be applied at a temperature of not over 239° F. Trees under 4 years 

 of age camiot be treated with this substance without injury. 



Becker (G, G.). The Peach-tree Borer, Sanninoidea exitiosa, Say. — 

 Univ. Arkamas Agric. Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Bull, no, 150, June 

 1918, 32 pp., 2 plates. 



Most of the biological data concerning Aegeria {Sanninoidea) exitiosa 

 that are included in this bulletin have previously appeared [see this 

 Review, Ser. A, v, p. 207]. Natural enemies include man}^ predaceous 

 insects that attack the young larvae. Some hundreds of eggs of 

 A. exitiosa were reared for parasites, but none were obtained. In 

 experimental work with pupae, two Hymenopterous parasites were 

 reared, namely, Eluchistvs sanninoideae, Gir., and Microhracon sanni- 

 noideae, Gahan. The Dipteron, Sarcophaga helicis, Towns., was also 

 reared from a pupa, but it is not certain whether this fly is a true 

 parasite. Many pupae are apparently killed by ants. 



Various remedies that were tried and proved ineffective or imprac- 

 ticable in controlling this borer include ^^Tapping papers, tree veneers, 

 \\':hite lead paint, asphaltum on the trunk, lime-sulphur, tanglefoot, 

 tree protectors, tree collars, asphaltum compounds used to seal the 

 crack between the trunk of the tree and the soil, nicotine preparations 

 at different dilutions, carbolineum, carbon bisulphide and heat. The 

 only efficacious method seems to be that of worming or cutting out the 

 larvae from the burrows [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 368]. 



McCray (A. H,). The Diagnosis of Bee Diseases by Laboratory 

 Methods. — tl.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull, no. 671, 

 21st June 1918, 15 pp,, 2 plates. 



This paper discusses bee diseases, including European foulbrood, 

 American foulbrood, sacbrood, Nosema disease, and various non- 

 infectious diseases, and gives the laboratory methods of diagnosis 

 for the benefit of those who may be engaged in similar work. 



