522 



2). ponderosae, Hopk. (Black Hills beetle), D. mowf icoZa, Hopk. (mountain 

 pine beetle) and D. brevicomis, Lee. (western pine beetle), which have 

 killed hundreds of millions of cubic feet of timber ; and D. ■pseudotsugae, 

 Hopk. (Douglas fir beetle) severely injuring Douglas fir. In Canada 

 these same borers are equally destructive, the trees suffering most 

 severely being Pinus ponderosa, P. monticola, P. murrayana, 

 Pseudotsuga taxifolia (mncronata), and Picea sitchensis. In British 

 India, the Himalayan conifers are attacked by species of bark-beetles 

 allied to those of the European and American conifers, namely, Ips 

 longifolia, Steb., the most destructive beetle throughout this zone of 

 Pinus longifolia and P. excelsa, its attacks having followed on 

 serious fires in the United Provinces. The genus Scolytus, confined 

 to broad-leaved trees in Europe and America, in India attacks 

 the deodar {Cedrus deodara), an outbreak of S. major, Steb., having 

 occurred in 1908-10. A similar outbreak of Polygraphus trenchi, 

 Steb. , occurred on Pinus gerardiana in Baluchistan in 1903-06. 



In the United States the hardwood' trees such as oaks, chestnut, 

 beech, elm, etc., are subject to the attacks of secondary heart- wood 

 borers, such as the timber worms, Eupsalis minuta-, Dru., and 

 Lymexylon sericeiim, Harr., the carpenter worms of the genus 

 Prionoxystus, ambrosia beetles, shot-hole borers, and turpentine 

 borers. In India, damage due to bark-beetles of deciduous and 

 evergreen forest trees is undoubtedly of secondary origin and these 

 pests do not successfully attack living healthy trees. Scolytid shot- 

 hole and pin-hole borers are characteristic of Indian forests, as also of 

 most tropical and semi-tropical forests, and are comparatively rare 

 in European and North American forests. The sal {Shorea 

 Tobusta) serves as a host for at least 27 species of Xyleborus, 

 Progenius, Diapus, Platypus, Crossotarsus, etc., the technical damage 

 being very considerable, but confined to dying and unhealthy trees. 

 Thus an outbreak of Z)/ajOi^s/wriWM5, Samps., in the sal forests of 

 Bengal was foimd to be secondary to that of a root parasite, 

 Polyporus shoreae. Similarly an epidemic outbreak of Crossotarsus 

 squamulatus, Chap., was limited to trees with diseased roots. Sal 

 trees over two feet in girth suffer serious teclmical damage from 

 the larvae of a Longicorn beetle, Hoplocerambyx spmicornis, Newm., 

 which normally breeds in dying or diseased trees. 



Teak, during the first few years of its life, is attacked by 

 Haplohammus cervinus, Hope, and Phassus jnalabaricus, Hmps., and 

 from the young pole stage to the end of its life by a serious pest, 

 Duomitus cer amicus (beehole borer), which last, however, does not 

 affect its vitality. 



Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). The Mango Hopper Pest and its 

 Control in South India. — Trop. Agricidturist, Peradeniya, li_, no. 1, 

 July 1918, pp. 46-50. 



Three species of hoppers belonging to the genus Idiocerus, viz. : — • 

 I. niveosparsus, I. clypealis, and I. atkinsoni have been recorded on 

 mango in different parts of India. In some places one or other of 

 the three species is found commonly, while in other areas all three are 

 found in varyiug numbers. The life-history of, and remedial measures 

 for this pest have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv. 

 p. 12 and v, p. 378]. 



