48 



caon, or, at least, the Doctor thinks that is so. It does not appear 

 from the text that a typical Oregonia was seen at all. I have no 

 doubt several were taken, but nothing is said of it. We merely 

 see a lot of nondescripts put down as " true Oregonia^ We are, 

 to be sure, told on p. 151, what the Doctor's ideas of Oregonia 

 are ; to wit, that it " is merely a variety oi Zolicaon, mostly larger 

 in size, more yellow, the black spot connected with the interior 

 anal band, which is somewhat dilated on tip " (what is dilated ? 

 the band certainly is not), " the black bands of the abdomen nar- 

 rower." That is no description of OregoJiia, and I really have no 

 evidence that the Doctor saw the species at all. What he so 

 describes he says is merely a variety of Zolicaon. 



These nondescripts, on p. 160, are called " intermediate 

 forms," and the argument is that they connect Zolicaon and 

 Oregonia in such a manner that the two so-called species cannot 

 be separated, and Oregonia being assumed to be a derivation from 

 Macluxon, the other must be as well. There is a radical difference 

 between "an intermediate form" and "an intergrade." The 

 latter connects two varieties of a species, but a form may be in- 

 termediate and connect nothing. A jackal is intermediate be- 

 tween a dog and fox ; a short-eared owl is intermediate between 

 a long-eared owl and the great horned owl ; and intermediate 

 forms stand in every genus of butterflies. So that to say, that in 

 this series of Papilios are " everywhere intermediate forms," 

 means nothing. The intention is, that everywhere are intergrades 

 linking together the principal forms, so that the latter must be 

 varieties, and not species. Were they species, the intermediate 

 forms would be hybrids, not intergrades. Whether they be species 

 or not remains to be seen. Besides the "Americans forms," the 

 Doctor gets half a dozen hitherto supposed good species of the 

 old world under the wing of MacJiaon. Of these last I have noth- 

 ing to say, but I intend to show that the deductions are wholly 

 at fault with the American species, and by inference they are 

 probably so with the others. 



I propose, then, to make it apparent : 



I. That Zolicaon is a distinct species, having no affinity with 

 Machaon, and that it never could have been derived from Ma- 

 ckaon, or the reverse. 



II. That Oregojiia, while nearly all its affinities are with 

 Machaon, and it belongs to the same group, yet is distinct from 

 that species and is a species by itself ; that neither could have 

 been derived from the other. 



III. That Zolicaon never could have been derived from Ore- 

 gonia, or the reverse, the two belonging to distinct groups. 



We must first discover what are the special characteristics of 

 each of these species or forms. 

 I. What is Zolicaon? 

 I. It is distinguished by a complete ocellus at the anal angle 



