orange, the other has a trifle both on the lunules and in the 

 interspaces, thereby approaching Tnrmis. 



3. The common black band before spoken of is heavy, as in 

 Rutubis. 



In the shape of the wings, all these males resemble Tnrnics, 

 not being falcated. But the female, and one from South Col- 

 orado (the only ? ? I have seen) have the shape of Rittiilus. I 

 call this form RitUdiis, var. Arizoncnsis. 



There cannot be a doubt that Turnus, Rutulus, Eurymedoji, 

 Daiinus and Pilumnus come from a common parent, but 

 there is not the least evidence produced to show that they 

 are not of co-ordinate value amongst themselves, or that 

 one is derived from any o'lhci' o^ the group. Quite the 

 contrary. We know all about Tii7-mts, at any rate. It flies from 

 Alaska to Newfoundland, and southward to the Gulf and Texas. 

 At the North, it has but a single generation ; in the United States 

 it has acquired a second, and in the female, dimorphism manifests 

 itself. Now, except in difference of size, of the shade of yellow 

 (the northern examples being pale colored), and in the definition 

 of the black stripes and bands (the northern having these some- 

 what diffused, ragged-edged), Turiiiis is everywhere essentially 

 the same. No one has thought of specifying even a variety of 

 it. It has spatulate tails everywhere ; a large orange spot at 

 outer angle of hind wings everywhere, ? , and considerable orange 

 on under side. It is wonderfully true to one type for so wide- 

 spread and flourishing a species. (Of course, every marking of 

 any species will vary somewhere, and no marks are absolutely 

 constant. Among the myriads of Tiirnus flying over a continent, 

 individuals ought here and there to appear without a fulvous spot 

 at outer angle, or a spatulate tail, or orange. But these would at 

 once be set down as aberrations, as unusual and uncharacteristic.) 

 Now, if eggs of Tiirnus produced individuals with the special 

 characters of RuUilus, there would be some ground for saying 

 that Tamils had come from Rutulus, and these exceptional exam- 

 ples were due to reversion. And the reverse is true. We have 

 not yet bred Rutulus, but the species has been taken since the 

 days of the Argonauts, and I have yet to hear of the first exam- 

 ple which discovers the characters of Ttirnus. Therefore, there 

 is no evidence that Rutulus has sprung from Tiirnus, and to assert 

 that the two are, or ever were, one species is to assert what no 

 one can possibly know. 



Dr. Hagen informs me that in a series of examples, taken by 

 him in Oregon, he can show the gradations between Papilio Ore- 

 gonia, Zolicaon and MachaoUy and he pronounces all three, besides 

 quite a number of allied Asiatic forms of this group, to be one 

 species only; that is, the species is Machaon, and all the rest are 

 varieties thereof, and should, together with the parent (as he es- 

 teems it), be called one species. So far as concerns the American 



