51 



American and Himalayan also have no violet above the fulvous 

 or yellow spot. 



In all these MacJiaon, and it is characteristic of the species 

 wherever it is found, there is a black line on the outer edge of 

 the fulvous spot, running down the inner margin of the wing; 

 curving around the spot, it usually ends at considerably more 

 than half way along the farther side (from base) of same. If it 

 were continued from 30*^ to 40"^ farther (figs, ii, 12), it would 

 strike the black band of the hind margin and close up the circle, 

 I have no example in which a quarter circle would not fill this 

 gap. This line is often not at all thickened at the end (fig. 10); 

 in some cases it is reduced there to a thread (fig. 9), the reduc- 

 tion taking place abruptly as the line leaves the margin. In 

 some cases the line is thickened at the end into a bulb (fig. ii) 

 ofvar)'ing diameter. In the American examples there are all 

 these variations, just as in the others. The thickening spoken of, 

 being at the end of the line, is on the lower edge of the fulvous 

 area, and occasionally the bulb is severed from the line, as in one 

 of my examples (fig. 12), and yet forms part of the circle. I call 

 particular attention to this point. 



Now, the circular pupil of Zolicaon, placed in the middle of 

 the fulvous spot, so as to make a complete ocellus (fig. 4), never 

 originated in a thickened section of the rim. Therefore, this 

 character never was derived from 2IachaoJi. The pupilled 

 ocellus of Zolicaon is as significant as the ocellus in wing of 

 Satyrus Alope, or the eye-spot of Vanessa lo. It is because it is 

 small that the importance of such a feAture is apt to be overlooked. 

 If it covered as much ground as the eye spot of Telea Polyphemus, 

 for example, it would at once be allowed to present a specific differ- 

 ence, when compared with another Telea having a blind ocellus 

 like that of Machaon. Looking over my examples of Zolicaon, 

 one female is seen to have an isolated black pupil on the upper 

 side, but on the other, the same pupil is joined to the black rim 

 on the outer edge. It is pear-shaped, and the prolongation of its 

 small end strikes the rim, above its terminus, on the middle of 

 the side at the inner wing-margin (fig. 5). The butterfly I speak 

 of is figured in But. N. A.,* vol. 2, plate of Zolicaon. Dr. Hagen 

 says, p. 150, that among the Zolicaon examined by him, is one 

 female from California, " with a continuation of the spot on the 

 under side of the black stripe, which edges the inner margin. 

 Mr. Edwards has figured, pi. 6, Papilio, f. 4, exactly the same 

 for the female o{ Zolicaon, without mentioning it in the descrip- 

 tion." The Doctor refers in this way in order to show that one 

 of the characters attributed to Xolicaon is variable in the direc- 

 tion of Machaon. If he can establish this point it will so far help 

 to the assertion that Zolicaon is derived from Machao)i. Un- 

 doubtedly the pupil in Zolicaon more or less often connects with 

 the " black stripe which edges the inner margin," but that is 



