could not be induced to oviposit in winter, and it was not until March 

 that oviposition began in captivity. In 1919 the first larvae were seen 

 in May. At the chief observation post adults were seen throughout 

 the year, but, on the other hand, not a single Anopheles was seen in 

 sheds in the summer of 1919 in localities where in 1918 no pools 

 containing Anopheline larvae could be found. The authors therefore 

 agree with Nuttall that a knowledge of the distribution of the larvae 

 makes conclusions as to the distribution of the adults possible without 

 a special investigation. It is known that A., maculipennis hibernates 

 as an adult and A. bifttrcatus as a larva, and the authors never saw 

 adults of the latter in winter. Though no definite information was 

 obtained as to the length of life of adults, it is probable that 

 hibernating females live for several months. 



Hase (A.). Zur Frage des " Lebendiggebarens " der Kleiderlaus. 



[On the Question as to whether the Clothes Louse is viviparous.] — 

 Centralbl. Bakt. Paras. Infekt., Jena, Ite Abt. Orig., Ixxxv, 

 no. 5, 17th January 1921, pp. 377-379. [Received 5th 

 November 1921.] 



A statement by R. Weigl that he had observed cases of lice [Pedi- 

 culus hnmamis] being viviparous is criticised. There is no confirmation 

 of this, though some lice have been known to deposit eggs that are 

 about to hatch. 



Galli-Valerio (B.). Beobachtungen iiber Culiciden. [Observations 

 on Culicidae.] — Centralbl. Bakt. Paras. Infekt., Jena, Ite Abt. 

 Orig., Ixxxvi, no. 1, 15th March 1921, pp. 31-33. [Received 

 5th November 1921.] 



These observations were made near Lausanne from October 1918 

 to October 1920. 



The larvae of Anopheles bifnrcattis were numerous in both winters, 

 even beneath ice. Pupae of Theobaldia anmdata were present from 

 October to December, and were very numerous on 29th October 1920 

 at an air temperature of about 43° F. (6° C.) and a water temperature of 

 about 45° F. (7°C.). The larvae of Aedes {Finlaya) geniculatiis {Ciili- 

 cada ornata) a.nd Anopheles plumbetis (nigripes) were found hibernating 

 in woods. Young larvae of Cidex pipiens and T. annidata were found 

 in October. The first emergence of T. anmdata was noticed on 29th 

 March 1919, that of A. bifurcatus on 13th May, and that of Aedes 

 geniculatiis on 19th April. The first pupae of A. bifurcatus were 

 found on 16th April 1919 and 4th June 1920. The pupae of A. 

 maculipennis were especially common in September. 



As regards breeding-places, when the municipal authorities filled in 

 many puddles at Vidy, the mosquitos adapted themselves to waters 

 in which they previously had been scarce. Some bred in water with 

 scanty vegetation, and the larvae of A. mactdipennis were found in 

 very dirty water. Stagnant water containing reed and wood debris 

 harboured few larvae, thus confirming Thibault's discovery of the 

 larvicidal action of vegetable powders [R. A.E., B, vi, 218]. T. anmt- 

 lata can develop in water so yellow with rust from the container that 

 the larvae and pupae are stained with it. 



Further details are given on the distribution in Switzerland of 

 Aedes geniculatns, A. [Ochlerotatus) communis {Culex nemorosus), 

 Culex hortensis and A. (0.) pullatus wax. jugorum {gallii). 



