such substances owing to the presence of a yeast or other micro- 

 organism. It develops only in liquids when thick enough, or when 

 covered by a film, such as that produced in vinegar-making by 

 Mycoderma. The larvae feed on the organisms concerned in this 

 process and are partly submerged in the fluid with the tracheae issuing 

 from the film. The bionomics of these larvae are discussed at length 

 These facts explain the constant occurrence of this fly in the fermenta- 

 tion of dough when bread is being baked, as carried out in Hungary 

 as well as its presence in wine cellars that are not kept properly clean' 

 The author explains the phenomenon called by the French " vin 

 cochylise," i.e., the occurrence of diarrhoea among the workers in 

 vineyards during or before the vintage. This used to be erroneously 

 attributed to excessive eating of the grapes, or more recently to the 

 fact that they are dusted with copper sulphate and lime. The fact 

 is that D. me/anogaster is the actual carrier of this infection, and conveys 

 the various organisms concerned from human excreta to the ripening 

 grapes, while from infected bunches of grapes to others they are 

 carried by the larvae of the two vine-moths, Clysia [ambigitelld] 

 and Polychrosis [botrana], which attack the vine in Hungary. 



Jablonowski (J.) & Kadocsa (G.). a patkanyveszedelem s az eUene 

 valo vedekezes. [The Rat Danger and how to control it ]— 

 Budapest, " Patria " Pubg. Co., 1921, 80 pp., 7 figs., price Kr. 40. 



Emphasis is laid on the dangers due to the abundance of rats that 

 arose during and after the war. The damage done by rats, and their 

 relation to disease, as well as their parasites, are reviewed. 



In attempts to deal with them, various methods, including the 

 construction of rat-proof buildings and the use of traps and poisons 

 especially the bulbs of Scilla, are recommended. The need for, and 

 importance of, an organised campaign against them, especially in 

 towns, is emphasised. 



Legendre (J.). Anophelisme et Cuniculiculture.— C. R. Hehdom. Acad 

 Sci., Pans, clxxiii, no. 15, 10th October 1921, pp. 600-602. 



Further observations on the preference shown by Anopheles maculi- 

 pennis for the blood of rabbits have confirmed the results already 

 noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 98]. The keeping of rabbits is therefore 

 advocated as a means of protecting man from this mosquito. 



Connor (M. E.). Fish as Mosquito Destroyers. An Account of the 

 Part they played in the Control of YeUow Fever at Guayaquil, 

 Ecuador.— iVa^. Hist., New York, xxi, no. 3, Mav-Tune 19'?1 

 pp. 279-281. 



During the yellow fever campaign in Ecuador, various fish were 

 experimented with as destroyers of mosquito larvae. Top minnows 

 [Gambusia] were not found sufficiently hardy, and eventually, of several 

 native fish tried, one known as the " chalaco " was selected as being 

 the most useful in this connection. Arrangements were therefore made 

 for its continued distribution to all water containers in Guayaquil. 

 More than 30,000 water receptacles have been freed in this manner 

 from mosquito larvae. With the further use of the fish it is believed 



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