57 



Among the organisms mentioned as affecting tanners and fell- 

 mongers are the mite, Psoroptes commtmis, the Hippoboscid, 

 Melophagus ovinus, the tick, Ixodes ricinns {reduvius), and the blow-flj-, 

 Lucilia sericata. 



Seymour- Jones (A.). Warble Flies and their Maggots in Cattle. — 



Leather Trades' Year Book 1921, London, 13th edn., pp. 169-188, 

 20 figs. 



The bionomics of warble-flies {Hypoderma hovis and H. lineatiim) 

 have already been noticed [R.A.E., B, iii, 19, 23, etc.]. Experiments 

 are described to show how the flies attack animals. 



The two chief remedial measures are the prevention of egg-laying 

 on cattle and the extermination of the fourth-stage larvae as they emerge. 

 The former policy has been abandoned for fear that it might cause 

 the flies to change their habits and seek other hosts. The most suc- 

 cessful method of exterminating the larvae is to squeeze them out 

 with the fingers ; this has been adopted in Ireland [R. A.E., B, ix, 22]. 

 A mixture of tobacco dust and lime has effected the destruction of 

 96 per cent, when applied to the back of cattle. No unnecessary 

 irritation of the skin should be caused as this injures the animal and 

 the hide for tanning purposes. 



It is remarked that the warble-fly infesting the red deer ( H. diana) 

 does not attack cattle. The horse is the only animal known to have 

 been infected with all three species, and such cases are rare. 



DoDD (S.). Tick Paralysis. — Jl. Comp. Path. & Therap., London, 

 xxxiv, pt. 4, December 1921, pp. 309-323. 



The information on tick paralysis in Australia contained in this 

 paper has already been noticed from another source [R.A.E., B, 

 ix, 139]. 



Lamborn (W. a.). Federated Malay States Malaria Bureau Report, 



1920.— Supplement to F.M.S. Govt. Gaz., 4th November 1921, 

 pp. 8-13. 



Evidence is adduced to show that the effect of clearing the jungle 

 is that the jungle species of Anophelines are replaced by open 

 country ones. The entire absence of AnopheUne larvae in certain 

 pools and ponds was accounted for by the presence of various 

 predacious aquatic insects, including larvae of Neuroptera, 

 Belostomidae and large numbers of an Anthomyiid fly of the genus 

 Lispa. A study is in progress of the conditions favouring the develop- 

 ment in artificial breeding places of the various mosquito larvae usually 

 found. The eggs of Aides albopictus {Stegomyia sciitellaris), not being 

 furnished with floats, may sink with a moderate shower of rain, and 

 the female therefore seeks well sheltered places for oviposition. 

 The larvae are also swept away in running water owing to lack of 

 caudal booklets. 



Further investigations showed that A. harbirostris, A. hyrcanus, 

 A. maculatus and A. leiicosphyrus can occur in rivers whatever the 

 force of the current. A description of the caudal tufts, by means of which 

 they maintain their position, and the influence of oil as a larvicide on 

 those species unable to attach themselves to supports has already 

 been noticed [R.A.E., B, viii, 84; ix, 134]. 



