114 



[Eusimulium) damnosum; and the Culicids, Anopheles {Pyretophorus) 

 costalis, Culex faiigans, Aides argenteus {Stegomyia calopus) and 

 Mansonia uniformis. 



Had WEN (S.). Effects following Improper Methods of Extracting 

 Hypoderma Larvae from the Backs of Cattle. — //. Amer. Vet. 

 Med. Assoc, Washington, B.C., Ix, N.S., xiii, no. 6, March 1922, 

 pp. 724-728. 

 The disease called " rose fever " in Denmark appears to be identical 

 with hypodennal anaphylaxis, and the author quotes previous works 

 on this subject [cf. R.A.E., B, vi, 44 ; viii, 82, 83]. Squeezing out 

 Hypoderma larvae from the backs of cattle lessens the number of 

 warble-flies, and has had considerable success in Denmark ; but to 

 prevent unfavourable after-effects in the animals, the larvae must 

 not be injured in the process, or removed hastil}^ and roughly. The 

 walls of the sac in which the larvae lie contain pus cells and bacteria 

 in many cases, and may also hold toxic material excreted by the 

 larvae. If these walls are lacerated, a variety of reactions may take 

 place. The larvae may be removed by first softening the skin with 

 water and then squeezing them out, or they may be extracted with 

 forceps. The cavity should then be flushed with clean water, and 

 where a larva has been accidentally ruptured the parts must be washed 

 quickly to dilute and remove the toxic material. The author still 

 favours the extraction of the larvae, but considers that further experi- 

 ments should be undertaken before unskilled persons are permitted 

 to do it. 



Miller (D.). The Cattle Tick and other Ticks in New Zealand. — 

 N.Z. Jl. Agric, Wellington, xxiv, no. 1, 20th January 1922, 

 pp. 1-7, 5 figs., 1 map. 



No tick-borne diseases occur among domestic animals in New 

 Zealand. The species present in the Dominion are : Haemaphysalis 

 hispinosa, Neum., H. leachi. And., Hyalomma aegyptium, L., Ixodes 

 ricinus, L., on horses, /. endyptidis. Mask., on penguins, /. apteridis, 

 Mask., and /. aptericola. Mask., on kiwis, /. anatis, Chilton, on the 

 grey duck {Anas superciliosa) , I. intermedins, Neum., and a species 

 infesting the tuatara lizard, which is to be described in the near future. 



Haemaphysalis hispinosa is the only tick that is widely established 

 in New Zealand. The eggs are laid on the ground in pastures, and the 

 larvae are found on the ends of the leaves or on flower-heads of the grass. 

 In the North Auckland Peninsula, where paspalum-seed is harvested, 

 the larvae occur among the collected seed. It chiefly infests cattle, 

 but is exceedingly common on hares and rabbits, and frequently 

 attacks sheep, dogs and fowls. In some cases horses are heavily 

 infested and occasionally man. H. leachi and Hyalomma aegyptium 

 have only been recorded on some specimens of huia {Neomorpha 

 acutirostris) skins collected 38 years ago and recently sent to Britain. 

 It is suggested that they were brought from India to New Zealand 

 on the minah {Acridotheres tristis), a bird that was introduced in 1875. 



JuDD (C. S.). Bird Introductions. — Hawaiian Forester & Agric, 

 Honolulu, xviii, no. 11, November 1921, pp. 238-239. [Received 

 20th March 1922.] 



The introduction of insectivorous birds for the control of the horn-fly 

 [Lyperosia irritans] in Hawaii is discussed. The Chinese flycatcher 



