140 



The intermediate forms (Anthomyiidae) show two grades of adapta- 

 tion : (a) lower forms, the larvae of which are mainly saprophagous 

 or phytophagous (Chortophila), and which, like the Acalyptrata, live 

 in the nests upon decaying substances ; {b) higher forms, the larvae 

 of which are mainly carnivorous and have adapted themselves to two 

 modes of life — (A) as subcutaneous parasites {Philornis) of Scansores, 

 Columbae and Passeres, (B) as intermittent haematophaga, on 

 Passeres {Passeromyia). 



The higher forms (Calliphorinae) show in their larval stage the 

 last two types of parasitic adaptation, i.e., (a) intermittent haemato- 

 phagy {Protocalliphora), and (6) possibly a subcutaneous mode of life 

 on Passeres only. 



The adult flies of all the intermediate and higher forms are non- 

 bloodsucking. It seems to be a rule among the Diptera that the 

 forms with haematophagous adults have non-haematophagous larvae 

 and vice versa. All these facts have to be taken into consideration 

 in the study of other parasitic flies and especially heterogeneous groups 

 like Pupipara and the Oestrids, which undoubtedly are of polyphyletic 

 origin. 



Particulars are given of the following species and their hosts : — 

 Passeromyia longicornis, Macq., from Australia ; P. heterochaeia, 

 Vill., from Tropical Africa, India and the Far East ; Protocalliphora 

 coerulea, R.-D. {aznrea, Meig. (nee Fall.), sordida, Zett.), from Europe, 

 North America and Hawaii ; P. azurea, Fall, {chrysorrhoea, Macq.), 

 from Europe and North xA.merica ; P. metallica, Towns., from North 

 America ; Philornis {Mydaea) pici, Macq. [anomala, Jaenn.), from 

 the Neotropical Region ; P. (M.) torqiians, Niels., from Argentina ; P. 

 spermophilae, Towns., from Jamaica ; Camus hemapterus, Nitzsch, 

 from Europe ; Chortophila cannabina, Stein, Kramer & Engel, from 

 Germany ; C. {Hylemyia) nidicola, Aldr., from U.S.A. ; and Neottio- 

 philmn praeusttim, Meig., from Central Europe. 



Keys are given to the species of Protocalliphora and Philornis, and 

 an exten.sive bibliography is appended. 



Hill (L.). Three New Species of Trichodectes from Cephalophus 

 monticola and Procavia capensis from South Africa. — Parasitology, 

 Cambridge, xiv, no. 1, April 1922, pp. 63-69, 1 plate. 



The new species described, are : Trichodectes bedfordi from a blue 

 duiker {Cephalophus monticola) ; and T. lindfieldi and T. serraticns 

 •from a Cape hyrax {Procavia capensis). 



Ferris (G. F.). The Mallophagan Family Trimenoponidae. — Parasito- 

 logy, Cambridge, xiv, no. 1, April 1922, pp. 75-86, 8 figs. 



The species dealt with include : Harrisonia itncinata, gen. et sp. n., 

 from Hoplomys gymnurus, Nelomys mirae and Proechimys semispinosus 

 from North Ecuador ; Cummingsia maculata, gen. et sp. n., from 

 Caenolestes sp. from Peru ; and C. peramydis, sp. n., from Peramys 

 domesticus from Brazil. 



La Lutte eontre le Varron rOestrids]. — La Terre Vaudoise, Lausanne, 

 xiv, no. 17, 29th April 1922, p. 214. 

 Losses to the value of over ;jr40,000 at par are said to occur annually 

 in the pasture regions of Switzerland owing to the presence of Oestrids 

 infesting cattle. The usual methods of extraction of the larvae or 

 of destroying them under the skin are advocated. 



