148 



Mayne (B). How long does a Mosquito retain Malaria Parasites? 



— Pub. Health Repts., Washington, xxxvii, no. 18, 5th May 

 1922, pp. 1059-1063. 



The observations here recorded were made in a preUminary study 

 to determine the maximum length of time the malarial parasite will 

 remain viable in infected mosquitos, as well as the longevity of 

 Anophelines. Plasmodium vivax and P. praccox {falciparum) were 

 the parasites studied. 



The longest period of survival of uninfected Anophelines under 

 artiiicial conditions on a diet of split dates and water at a temperature 

 of 45° to 75° F. was 231 days ; 85 individuals of A. punctipennis, kept 

 without blood, lived an average of 90-4 days, 8 of these remaining 

 alive for 175 to 203 days. When given 1 to 3 feeds of blood followed 

 by a diet of fruit juices, 22 specimens of A. punctipennis lived for an 

 average of 100 days, 6 living 176 to 217 days ; 6 individuals of 

 A. quadrimaculatus lived 73 days, and 4 of ^. crucians 65 days. A 

 single specimen of Culex ierritans survived 265 days on a diet consisting 

 exclusively of fruit juices, at a temperature of 48° to 76° F. 



Malarial parasites distinctly recognisable by their morphology and 

 staining were detected in the salivary glands of five individuals of 

 A . punctipennis, 68, 1^,1 \, 83 and 92 days, respectively, after infection. 

 These mosquitos had been allowed to bite a crescent carrier on a single 

 occasion and were maintained at room temperature of 59^ to 83° F. 

 for six days, being then placed in a container at a temperature of 44° 

 to 78° F. for the remainder of the experiment. 



An inoculation experiment on a human host proved successful 

 55 days after the infection of the mosquito. Mosquitos failed to 

 convey malaria by biting 61, 66 and 67 days, respectively, after 

 becoming infected (gland sporozoites obtained). These three mosquitos 

 were kept under conditions identical with those in which viable 

 sporozoites were demonstrated in the five specimens mentioned above. 



Johnson (C. W.). Notes on Distribution and Habits o! some of the 



Bird-flies, Hippoboseidae. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxix, no. 2, 



April 1922, pp. 79-85, 1 fig. 



The species dealt with are : — Ornithoica confluenta. Say, Ornithomyia 



anchineuria, Speis., Olfersia albipennis. Say, 0. americana. Leach, and 



Olfersia sp. on various birds from the United States ; Ornithoctona 



erythrocephala, Leach, on birds from Cuba, Porto Rico, Dominica and 



'Quebec ; Pseiidolfersiafumipennis, Sahlberg, on various birds from the 



United States ; and P. spinifera, Leach, from a cormorant in the 



Bahamas. 



Macdougall (R. S.). Insect and Arachnid Pests of 1920. — Separate 

 from Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotland, 1921, pp. 35-37, 

 2 figs. [Received 24th May 1922.] 

 Owing to the frequent confusion of the Hippoboscid fly, Melophagus 



ovinus, and the tick, Ixodes ricinus, on sheep, their anatomy and 



habits are contrasted in parallel columns. 



Gaudara (G.). El Piojo Blanco del Hombre, [The White Louse of 



Man.] — A Folha Mcdica, Rio de Janeiro, iii, no. 6, 31st March 



1922, pp. 43-46. 



This article on Pcdiculus humanus (vestimenti) gives particulars of 



the history, biology and physiology of this louse and describes various 



remedial measures. 



