200 



Two Psychodids that occur in the State of Rio de Janeiro and are 

 common in fowl-houses are Phlebotomus papatasii, Scop., and P. tro- 

 glodytes, Lutz, which may be identical with P. hnmipti, Larousse. 

 P. walkeri, Newst., was described from Brazil and Bolivia, and other 

 South American species are P. verrucaruin, Towns., from Peru, 

 P. migonei, Franga, from Paraguaj^ and P. tejerae, Larousse, from 

 Venezuela, while P. atroclavatiis, Knab, occurs in Trinidad. 



Some 18 species of Simuliids occur in Brazil, the majority of which 

 are serious pests of domestic animals. They include Simidiimi pertinax, 

 Kollar (the only species that is a pest in Rio de Janeiro), S. amazonicum, 

 Goeldi, S. pruinosum, Lutz, and 5. simplicicolor , Lutz. 



VAN Thiel (P. H.). Anopheles en Malaria in Leiden en naaste 



Omgeving. [Anopheles and Malaria in Leyden and its immediate 

 Neighbourhood.] — Tijdschr. Vergelijk. Geneesk., Leyden, vii, 

 no. 4, 5th August 1922, pp. 216-225. 



Malaria is rare in Leyden. The onl}^ Anopheline of importance is 

 Anopheles maciilipennis. One specimen each of A. bifurcatiis and 

 A. plumbeiis {nigripes) was captured. A. macidipennis seems to prefer 

 sheds containing pigs to those containing horses, and it is probable 

 that these animals are also preferred to cattle. Stables that are 

 dark and free from draughts are preferred. When hibernating, 

 A, maculipennis is generally found on ceilings. The mosquitos that 

 occur in cellars in summer are seldom found there in winter, and this 

 shows that hibernation is not a mere continuance of the summer 

 residence. 



In 1921 the first oviposition after hibernation occurred on 26th March. 

 Though clean, clear water is preferred, breeding does occur in more or 

 less dirty water if it has a still surface. Investigations as to whether 

 other factors, such as salt or organic matter, influence Anophelines in 

 choosing ditches with clear water appear to show that salt is not a 

 factor in this respect. These mosquitos seem, however, to be able tO' 

 distinguish water with a permanganate content of over 21 -48. 



A comparison is made between Leyden and North Holland as 

 regards malaria and the number of Anophelines. It is not possible 

 to sd,y why the latter are more numerous in North Holland. The reason 

 why malaria is less prevalent at Leyden seems to be connected with 

 the question of its decrease during the past century. It is suggested 

 that A. macidipennis was originally an open-air species that changed 

 its habits when dwellings and stables provided shelter and food, and 

 that the modern improvements in these buildings may be one reason 

 for the decrease of malaria at Leyden. It is considered advisable in 

 this connection that pigsties should be built only on the outskirts of 

 towns. 



SwELLENGREBEL (N. H.). Het Oveiwinteren van Anopheles maculi- 

 pennis in de Omgeving van Amsterdam. [The Hibernation of 

 A. macidipennis in the Neighbourhood of Amsterdam.] — Tijdschr. 

 Vergelijk. Geneesk., Leyden, vii, no. 4, 5th August 1922, 

 pp. 297-304, 3 figs. 



In the course of an investigation on Anophelines captured in dwellings 

 and stables near Amsterdam, it was found that mosquitos can suck 

 blood throughout the winter, though less often than in summer. The 

 transmission of human malaria to the mosquito thus becomes possible 



