202 



living side by side with infested fowls has been observed. Washing" 

 with a 5 per cent, solution of potassium sulphide soon ended the 

 infestation. 



Descazeaux ( — ). Traitement de l'Habron6mose cutan6e. — Rev. Vet., 

 Toulouse, Ixxiv, no. 8, August 1922, pp. 514-515. 



Recent knowledge on Habronema and its transmission emphasises 

 the necessity for measures against flies, the usual vectors of this 

 parasite. These include Roubaud's biothermic method, consisting in 

 burying fresh dung in the manure heap so that the heat of fermentation 

 destroys the eggs and larvae. All wounds or sores on animals should 

 be protected against flies, and as desiccation and oily substances are 

 unfavourable to the larva of Habronema, either dry dressings or 

 vaseline or lanoline ointments should be used. One containing 

 2| per cent, of novarsenobenzol is recommended. 



Grassi (B.). Aniraali domestici e Malaria. Nuovo Orizzonte nella 

 Lotta antimalarica. [Domestic Animals and Malaria. A New 

 Horizon in Anti-malarial Work.] — Ann. d'Igiene, Rome, xxxii, 

 no. 6, June 1922, pp. 421-512. 



This is an enlarged edition of a paper already noticed [R.A.E., B, 

 X, 32] that was ready for the press when Roubaud's work containing 

 information on the differentiation of zootrophic races of Anopheles 

 maculipennis (claviger) [R.A.E., B, x, 53] appeared. It contains an 

 additional section on the author's views and those of Roubaud, the 

 author considering that differences in the number of " teeth " on the 

 maxilla of Anopheles maculipennis are unimportant and have certainly 

 no relation to the intensity or absence of malaria. He refers to various 

 recent papers in support of his view that the problem of the presence 

 of Anophelines without malaria is not the simple one suggested by 

 Roubaud, but one involving many factors. 



The results derived from the presence of domestic animals are 

 summed up as follows. It is clear that when Anophelines attack 

 animals the human beings present in the locaHty escape to that extent, 

 and that stables and pigsties are preferred haunts of the mosquitos. 

 On the other hand, these shelters provide in cool climates the warmth 

 necessary for maturing the malarial parasites in mosquitos that have 

 bitten man, and the number of mosquitos in a given localit}^ is certainly 

 governed by the corresponding foci. In the case of Anophelines being 

 present without malaria, it is possible that the avoidance of man by 

 mosquitos is the only reason involved, but generally other factors are 

 also of importance, especially low temperature at night. The preference 

 of Anophelines for animals is marked even in localities that are very 

 malarious, so that caution must be exercised in estimating the value 

 of this factor in places almost or entirely free from malaria. A decrease 

 in the numbers of mosquitos must also be a factor in at least some 

 localities where they occur without malaria ; the author is convinced 

 that an increase of Anophelines has occurred in places where malaria 

 has reappeared. 



It is still necessary to ascertain for certain whether there exist 

 in malarious localities Anophelines that prefer man or animals, and 

 whether Anophelines with preference for a given species of animal 

 exist. Furthermore, it is necessary to find out whether a mosquito 

 that has bitten man continues to feed on the same host or whether 



