y 



208 



occurred by day. Adults emerged as a rule within 36-48 hours, and 

 generally during the night. In the bred families, very nearly equal 

 numbers of the sexes was found in all species. 



The nature and use of the caudal booklets wherewith certain Ano- 

 pheline larvae attach themselves to objects is discussed [R.A.E., 

 B, ix, 134]. It is known that these organs enable the larvae to maintain 

 their position in fast-running water, and in the case of larvae frequent- 

 ing stagnant water they may be used to prevent their being driven 

 before the wind, or possibly the species in question bred originally 

 in running water. This habit may have an important bearing ; for 

 example, larvae of Aedes albopidus were found to be thriving in a 

 receptacle covered with an incomplete film of oil, from which they 

 kept free, while such species as Anopheles maculatus, which has a 

 strong tendency to attach itself to supports (round which globules 

 of oil would tend to accumulate) might well suffer a different fate. 

 Correlated with this habit of attachment is a difference of feeding 

 habit. The dominance of A . vagus, which dispenses with supports, may 

 be in some measure due to these characteristics. 



The theory that the larvae of Anophelines do not as a rule co-exist 

 with Chironomid larvae is borne out in the case of the small muddy 

 pools in the Malay States, where the latter frequently occur in 

 enormous numbers. It is thought, however, that their influence on 

 Anophelines is only indirect, in that they collect all the floating algae 

 so assiduously, for the purpose of forming their larva cases, that the 

 Anophelines are reduced to starvation. In certain ponds where no 

 Anopheline larvae were found, predacious insects were present in 

 great numbers, particularly Neuroptera and Belostomatids. 



Austen (E. E.). Further Notes on the Tabanidae o! Palestine with 

 Descriptions of New Species. — Bull. Ent. Res., London, xiii, pt. 2, 

 August 1922. pp. 151-160, 4 figs. 



Since the publication of the author's paper on the Tabanids of 

 Palestine [R.A.E., B, vih, 110], more material has been received from 

 that country. Besides some of those already recorded, the collection 

 includes Chrysops buxtoni, sp.n., taken on horses ; Tahanus-agnitionalis, 

 sp.n. ; and T. {Ochrops) kerteszi, Szil., the first of this subgenus to be 

 recorded from Palestine. 



Edwards (F. W.). On some Malayan and other Species of Culicoides, 

 with a Note on the genus Lasiohelea. — Bull. Ent. Res., London, 

 xiii, pt. 2. August 1922, pp. 161-167, 1 plate. 



Culicoides anophelis, sp.n., is described from the Malay Peninsula 

 as attacking various Anopheline mosquitos ; it is also recorded from 

 N.W. India, where it attacks Anopheles maculatus, and from Sumatra. 

 The midges attach themselves to the abdomen of the host, evidently 

 for the purpose of obtaining the ingested blood. According to 

 Dr. Lamborn a tube containing the midge after it had fed on the host 

 mosquito was inverted over a bowl containing liquid mud, at the 

 edge of which about 67 ova were found two days later ; after another 

 seven days (23rd March) five pupae were found on the surface film 

 of water and three more on 25th March, each of which produced an 

 imago on the third and fourth day. Other new species described are 

 C. arenarius, from British Somaliland, and C. loughnani and C. loughnani 

 var. jamaicensis, n., from Jamaica. 



