126 



densis), and clearweed (Pilca pumila) surviving as relics of the low- 

 land forest vegetation. 



Representative animals of this community are the following: Mi- 

 sumeua aleatoria, Lycosa scutulata, Bpcira domiciliorum, Aulacizes 

 irrorata, Jalysus spinosus, Dichromorpha viridis, Melanoplus amplec- 

 tens, gracilis, and scudderi, Amblycorypha rotundifolia, Conoceph- 

 alus nebrascensis, Orchcthnum cuticularc and glabcrrimu-m, Xiphidium 

 nemorale, Nemobius fasciatus, Acantlwccrus galeator, Autographa 

 precationis, Bpargyrcus tityrus (larva on sassafras), Deromyia dis- 

 color, Milcsia ornata, and, apparently as wanderers from the forest, 

 Calopteron reticulatum, Thalcssa lunator, and Pclccinus polyturator. 



4. Humid Lowland (Hard Maple and Red Oak) 

 Forest Association 



This lowland forest community is upon a well-drained but moist 

 slope of the valley of the Embarras River. The soil is damp, and con- 

 tains a large amount of vegetable debris. The forest canopy is com- 

 plete, and the forest is relatively dark. Representative trees are the 

 hard maple (Acer saccharum) , red oak (Oucrcus rubra), and the elm 

 (Ulmus ainericana ) ; the herbaceous plants are nettle (Laportea cana- 

 densis) and the clearweed (Pilca pumila). 



Representative animals are the various forest mollusks, Bpcira tri- 

 vittata, Acrosoma spinca and rugosa, Acarus serotince, Bittacus stig- 

 matcrus (and probably strigosus and apicalis), Asafhes memnonius, 

 Calopteron terminate, probably Thalcssa lunator, Pclccinus polytura- 

 tor, and Tapinoma sessile and other ants. Boletotherus bifurcus is 

 dependent upon the shelf-fungus Polyporus, which grows most abun- 

 dantly on decaying stumps and logs in moist woods. The species of 

 Bittacus are as representative of shady, moist woods as are the nettle 

 Laportea and the clearweed (Pilca). Such an insect as Bittacus might 

 live in the park-like groves of an open forest, but its optimum habitat 

 is in the dense climax forest. Perhaps the most striking contrast be- 

 tween the open and closed shady forest is due to the absence of nu- 

 merous OrtJwptera which are generally abundant in open grassy places. 

 That these forms are able to thrive on the bottoms when the proper 

 conditions are present is .seen by their abundance in the glade in the 

 lowland forest. In the uplands also, Papilio and Polygonia frequent 

 the open spaces, but in the shady lowland forest the slow, low-flying 

 Bnodia and Cissia are the characteristic butterflies seen on wing. 



