146 



ton September 14 and October 2 (A. B. Wolcott), and on the prairie 

 at St. Joseph, 111., on flowers, September 26 (No. 310, C. C. A.). 

 Hopkins ('06, p. 8) has shown that although the larvae begin devel- 

 opment only in living wood, they are able to complete it in dry dead 

 wood, but in this case such conditions hasten development. 



The apple borer Sapcrda Candida Fabr. (PI. XXVI, fig. 4) was 

 taken in the woods at Bloomington July 4. In the original forests it 

 probably bored in the wild crab apples and the haws (Crataegus). S. 

 tridcntata Oliv., the elm borer, was also taken at Bloomington. This 

 is a serious pest to elms, and paves the way for Magdalis and Neocly- 

 tas. Mr. W. P. Flint informs me that Sapcrda vcstita Say is com- 

 mon throughout the state in the live bark of linden, and that Sinoxy- 

 lon basilar c Say lives mainly in weakened trees and in living wood. 

 He also tells me that Goes debilis Lee, G. tigrina DeG., and G. pul- 

 vcrulcntus Hald:, live in a variety of living trees. 



The flat-headed apple-tree borer, CJirysobothris femorata Fabr. 

 (PI. XXVI, fig. 5), is known to attack the bark of enfeebled trees 

 and logs and stumps of oak, hickory, maple, basswood, and apple 

 (Hopkins, '93b, p. 183). The beetles were taken June 13, 25, 30, 

 and August 11, at Bloomington. Lcptostylus aculiferus Say (PI. 

 XXVIII, fig. 1) was taken April 17 in the same locality. Hopkins 

 ('93b, p. 196) reports this insect infesting dying and dead maple- and 

 apple-trees. The larvae mine in the inner bark. Beutenmiiller ('96, 

 p. 79) states that it breeds under the bark of oak. The curculionid 

 Crypiorhynchus parochus Hbst, is reported by Hopkins ('04, p. 34) 

 to mine as a larva in "the inner bark and sapwood of weakened and 

 recently dead walnut." It is also reported from butternut. Thirteen 

 specimens of this species were taken at Bloomington April 17. The 

 larvae of Romalcitm atomarium Dru. live in stumps and logs of re- 

 cently dead oak (Hopkins, '04, p. 36), and are reported also from 

 hackberry. The beetles were taken July 25 and August 8 at Bloom- 

 ington. Romalcitm rufulum Hald. was taken at Charleston June 17. 

 This is reported from oak. The larvae of Chion cinctus Dru. (PI. 

 XXVIII, fig. 2) are reported by Hopkins ('04, p. 36) to "mine the 

 inner bark and bore into the wood of trunk and branches of dying 

 and recently dead hickory, chestnut, oak, etc." This beetle was taken 

 at Urbana, and at Bloomington July 12. The larvae probably con- 

 tinue to live in the seasoned wood, as the beetles are recorded as 

 emerging from dry wood some years after furniture or lumber was 

 manufactured. 



Certain species of insects live mainly in dead, though solid and 

 seasoned, wood, before decay causes any important changes ; some 

 begin work in the living wood and continue in the dead wood; and 



