147 



others begin in dead wood and continue there after it begins to de- 

 cay. Among the beetles which live in dead wood the hickory borer, 

 Cyllene carycc Gahan (pictus Auct.) is representative. This beetle 

 closely resembles the locust borer, but it appears in the spring and 

 early summer, rather than in the fall as does robinicr. I have taken 

 carycB at Bloomington April 20, 30, May 20, and June 20, and at 

 Urbana May 16. The larvae bore in dead branches and small trees of 

 hickory and mulberry, according to Hopkins ('93b, p. 194). Xylo- 

 trechus colonus Fabr. ( PI. XXVIII, fig. 6) lives in the bark and 

 wood of dying and dead timber of oak, hickory, elm, and ash (Hop- 

 kins, '93, p. 194). My Bloomington records of it are May 9, June 

 14, 25, and July 1 and 20. Bburia quadrigeminata Say (PI. XXVIII, 

 fig. 5) is a borer in ash and honey-locust (Packard, '90, pp. 541- 

 542), and has been taken on beech and elm (Hopkins, '93b, p. 193) 

 and in hickory. Bloomington records of it are July, August 1 (on 

 papaw), and August 28. Elsewhere mention has been made of its 

 long life in dry wood. Elaphidiou mucronatum Fabr. has been re- 

 corded by Chittenden ('98, p. 42) as emerging from dry wood as fol- 

 lows : "There is a divisional note on its having bred February 8, 

 1889, from a piece of dogwood (Cornus) which had been stored in 

 a carpenter shop some years to be used for hammer handles. The 

 larvae had worked principally under the bark where they produced 

 large and irregular channels, entering, when nearly full grown, the 

 solid wood, in which they transformed." It also lives in healthy liv- 

 ing wood. The larvae of Arhopalus fulminans Fabr. is reported to 

 live in the inner bark and sap-wood of oak. This was taken during 

 May at Bloomington, and Dicerca lurida Linn., a hickory borer, was 

 taken at Chicago August 8 and at Bloomington June 13. 



The oak pruner, Elaphidiou villosum Fabr. girdles hickory 

 branches, which fall to the ground. From seasoned wood thus 

 formed Hamilton ('87) reared from branches one half to one inch 

 in diameter, the following beetles : "Clytautlius ruricola and albo- 

 fasciatus, Neoclytus luscus and erythrocephalus, Stcuosphenus no- 

 tatus, etc." Such seasoned wood is particularly liable to attack, 

 according to Hopkins ('09, p. 66), by beetles of the family Lyctidcc 

 (cf. Kraus and Hopkins, '11). In such wood, too, white ants 

 (Vermes) and carpenter-ants (Caniponotus) will make extensive ex- 

 cavations. The northern brenthid, Eupsalis minuta Dru., (PI. 

 XXVIII, figs. 3 and 4) occasionally lives in living weakened trees, 

 but is generally in dead wood. Hopkins ('93b. p. 207) records it as 

 from oak, elm, and beech, and Packard ('90, p. 69) as from white 

 oak. I have taken it at Bloomington June 15, 25 (copulating), and 

 July 2. Neoclytus luscus Fabr., a hickory and ash borer, was taken 



