11 



for rubber cultivation, the flat land being used for cultivating rice 

 and occasionally sago. The malarial incidence and spleen rate of the 

 natives on several rubber estates and in the villages was investigated. 

 Many of these were in the inmiediate neighbourhood of large swamps. 

 In one such case it was found that some coolie lines which had large 

 trees growing around them ceased to be infested with malaria as soon 

 as the trees were felled, although no drainage of the swamp was 

 possible. It is thought that the large trees shielded the adult 

 mosquitos, which the remaining short undergrowth failed to do, and 

 this may also explain the fact that on rubber estates the malaria rate 

 is low so long as the rubber trees are young, but increases as the trees 

 get larger. Anopheline larvae, most commonly those of A. kochi,yveTe 

 found without exception where search was made, and further search 

 would probably show the presence of malaria-carrying species. The 

 spleen-rate of the coolies on an estate roughly corresponded with that 

 of the neighbouring village, and the amount of malaria to the proximity 

 of swamp-breeding, malaria-carrying mosquitos. As regards the 

 Anophelines found, it is noteworthy that eight out of the ten species 

 identified are found in a circumscribed area : — A. brevipalpis, sp. n., 

 found in the hospital of one estate only ; A. kocJii, Don., the commonest 

 Anopheline, but no malarial parasites were found in any specimens ; 

 A. barbirostris and Culex mimeticus were often found breeding in the 

 same pools with them, but when found alone, A. koclii larvae seemed 

 to prefer small pools without vegetation, such as those made by the 

 hoof-marks of cattle; A. maculatus, Theo., found in a clear pool 

 close to a stream ; A. leucosfiiyrus, Don., all the specimens being 

 gorged with blood where malaria was prevalent (this species seems to 

 breed in clean or dirty water) ; A. functulatus, Don. ; A. ludlowi, 

 Theo., one specimen being from a spot where malaria was present, 

 though it was the only species observed ; A. separatus, Leic, not 

 common ; A. barbirostris, Wulp, found in swamp water without 

 scum ; A. umbrosus, Theo., a common Anopheline (of 130 specimens 

 dissected, only one contained malarial sporozoites) ; A. albotaeniatus, 

 Theo., no larvae of which were obtained. 



Newstead (R.). Notes on Phlebotomus, with Descriptions of New 

 Species. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, v, pt. 2, September 1914, 

 pp. 179-192. 



Four new species of Phlebotomus are described, viz. : — P. ingrami, 

 from Ashanti ; P. simillimus, from Ashanti and Southern Nigeria ; 

 P. bedfordi, from the Transvaal ; and P. siantoni, from the Federated 

 Malay States. The specific characters of seven other species are 

 discussed and illustrated. 



Yellow Fever Reports: Sanitary Conditions in Vera Cruz. — Yellmv Fev. 

 Bur. Bull, Liverpool, iii, no. 3, 30th September 1914, pp. 178-179. 



Since the streets of both Vera Cruz and Merida have, for the most 

 part, been paved with concrete or asphalt, Anophelines and malaria 

 have practically disappeared from both towns, and it appears that 

 Stegomyia fasciata also has been got rid of in Vera Cruz, though in 



