19 



Three species of Tabanidae have been taken in the North West 

 of Ashanti, viz : — Tabanus besti, Sure., T. kimjsleyi, Ric, and T. mar- 

 onorosus, Sure. 



RiCARDO (G.). A new Species of Tabanus from India.— Ann. Mag. 

 Nat. Hist., London, xiv, no. 82, Oct. 1914, pp. 359-360. 



A new species of Tabanus, T. trichinopolis, sp. n., represented by- 

 two males and two females, is recorded by the author from Trichinopoly. 



Carpenter (G. H.) & Hewitt (T. R.). Some New Observations 

 on the Life-History of Warble Flies.—Irish Naturalist, Dublin, 

 October 1914, pp. 214-221. 



Recent observations on Hijpoderma bonis, De Geer, and H. lineatum 

 have established the long-disputed fact that young Hi/poderma larvae 

 enter their hosts through the skin close to the spot where the eggs 

 have been laid. An account is given of earlier experiments on this 

 subject, calves were allowed to graze, being so muzzled by day that 

 they could not lick themselves ; at night, they were tied up with their 

 necks in " bales," and with broad aprons to prevent their touching 

 their fore limbs with their tongues ; the numbers of warbles found on 

 these animals was compared with those on control calves. The results 

 of such experiments performed between 1906 and 1911 were valueless, 

 owing to experimental sources of error ; similar but improved experi- 

 ments in 1913 showed that muzzling did not protect the calves from 

 warbles, indicating that the larvae are not licked into the animals' 

 gullets. From 1913, direct observations on the mode of egg-laying 

 and hatching have supplemented muzzling experiments, and have 

 shown that the eggs of H. bovis are laid on the legs and more rarely 

 on the flanks, apparently never on the back, being attached singly 

 to a hair near its base ; those of H. lineatum are laid in rows of seven 

 or more, half-way up the hair. The eggs hatch while on the 

 hairs, the newly-hatched larva being less than 1 mm. long, with sharp 

 and powerful mouth-hooks and a strong spiny armature on the body 

 segments. In the case of a cow bearing eggs of H. lineatum, the skin 

 was seen to be perforated near the newly hatched eggs, and then 

 covered with a watery discharge, which had hardened ; microscopic 

 examination showed that this contained a newly-hatched larva. 

 When newly-hatched larvae of H. bovis were placed on a calf's 

 shoulder, the larvae crawled down the hairs to the skin and were seen 

 to burrow, they entered perpendicularly to the surface, cutting into 

 the epidermis with their mouth-hooks. The eggs are laid chiefly on 

 the hind limbs, just below the heel joint or hock ; they are rarely laid 

 on the belly, flanks, or breast, and never, under natural conditions, on 

 the back ; under normal conditions the eggs hatch in about four days. 



Edmonds (C. R.) & Bevan (L. E. W.). Some Notes on the Systematic 

 Dipping of Stock.— Rhodesia Agric. Jl, Salisbury, xi, no. 7 

 October 1914, pp. 988-1003, 1 diagram. 



At present, there are some 424 dipping tanks in Southern Rhodesia, 

 one of them being subscribed for by the natives themselves, and during 

 (C125) A 2 



