94 



ii. Duncan (J. L.), Hewitt (T. R.) & Jardine (D. S.). The destruc- 

 tion of warble maggots. 



The systematic destruction of warble-maggots, by squeezing out 

 the mature individuals, has been continued. Some of the maggots 

 escape and have been extracted from cows up to the middle of July 

 in the last two years. In the previous Report of 1910, a smear con- 

 sisting of Archangel tar und paraffin was recommended, but though 

 largely efficient, the mixture has often a highly injurious action on the 

 cattle, making the skin very sore and destroying the hair. A number 

 of other applications have laeen tried and lists are given of substances 

 found to be useless or only of slight efficiency. The following were 

 found to kill from 20 to 60 per cent, of maggots on each animal :— 

 Cod-liver oil (12 parts), gas or wood tar (8 parts), and nicotine (1 part) 

 is a mixture which kills 20 per cent. By replacing the nicotine by 

 carbon disulphide (2 parts), 30 per cent, were killed. A mixture of 

 cod-liver oil (10 parts), Venetian turpentine (10 parts), and nicotme 

 (1 part) killed 60 per cent., but damaged the hair. Linseed oil and 

 resin paste (1 part) with paraffin (9 parts) had the same effect as the 

 Archangel tar (3 parts) and paraffin (1 part) mixture already men- 

 tioned. The most hopeful result is the discovery that sulphur dioxide 

 gas, applied under pressure individually to each warble for less than 

 a minute, kills 93 per cent, of the maggots and causes no harm whatever 

 to the cattle. When, however, the gas was liberated under an air- 

 tight rubber cover, spread over the animal's back, very few maggots 

 were killed by it. 



Bretnl (A.). The Distribution and Spread of Diseases in the East. 



[Abstract from one of the Stewart Lectures of the Univ. of 

 Melbourne, 1913.]— JZ. of Troj). Med. and Hyg., London, 1st 

 October 1914, pp. 293-296. 



Filariasis and elephantiasis occur generally throughout the East, 

 and the filariae of the difierent countries probably belong to one 

 species, but it bas lately been noted that the typical nightly presence 

 and daily absence of the parasites from the peripheral blood is not 

 common to all the larvae. Microfilaria nocturna, of China, is nocturnal, 

 but the PhiUppine microfilaria, as well as those of some of the New 

 Guinea natives, is non-periodic, though the nocturnal filaria also exists 

 in New Guinea. The non-periodical filaria occurs in some of the 

 Pacific Islands, such as Fiji, and as Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris, which 

 is stated to be an intermediary host, is present in Eastern New Guinea, 

 the distribution of non-periodical filaria may be coincident with that 

 of this mosquito. 



NuTTALL (G. H. F.). Penetration of Ixodes beneath the Skin.— 



Parasitology, London, vii, no. 3, October 1914, pp. 258-259. 



Cases where Z. ricinus have been found beneath the skin of various 

 animals are recorded. The first such case in Great Britain occurred 

 in two foxes, four or five ticks occupying as many cysts beneath the 

 ear and about the groin of the animals ; two of them were found to 

 be I. ricinus (2) and Z. heiagonus (nymph). When the mouth-parts 



