41 



Of the larvae-destroying fish, four species are recorded as useful, viz. : — • 

 Trichogaster fasciatus, Barhus jpkutanio, Nuria danrica and Ophio- 

 cephalus punctatus. Of these, Trichogaster is the hardiest and most 

 effective. Maps, plates and numerous statistical tables accompany 

 this paper. 



Perry (Major E. L.). Endemic Malaria of the Jeypore Hill Tracts of 

 the Madras Presidency. — Ind. Jl. Med. Research, Calcutta, ii, no. 2, 

 October 1914, pp. 456-491, 1 map, 1 plate, 4 charts. 



The area investigated is included in the district of Vizagapatam 

 in the Madras Presidency and is situated on the East Coast of India 

 about midway between the ports of Calcutta and Madras. A general 

 description of this locality is given. In the residential portion of 

 Vizagapatam, and near all the neighbouring villages, Anophehne 

 larvae are common and the following species were bred out : — 

 A. culicifacies, A. fuliginosus, A. stephensi, A. maculipalpis, A. rossi 

 and A. sinensis. Inland, the hill tracts have a bad reputation for 

 malaria of a severe type, and blackwater fever is common among 

 both European and Indian immigrants. Jeypore town itself, sur- 

 rounded by dense jungle, was regarded as so unhealthy that the 

 headquarters of the district were removed to Koraput, on a plateau 

 1,000 feet higher and free from jungle, in the behef that it would be 

 healthier. On the contrary, it proved to be far worse, Anophelines 

 being very abundant there. Culicines were rare on this plateau, 

 never reaching 3 per cent, of the total catch in any month. Anophe- 

 hne larvae could be found in the early months of the year on the sides 

 of streams and rice fields, but during the monsoon they were entirely 

 absent, reappearing again in October when it ceased. At only one 

 point on the upper plateau did the author ever see a permanent puddle, 

 which was on a road. In November, this was always swarming with 

 A . rossi and Culicine larvae. As A . rossi was excessively rare at the time, 

 it was suspected that the females depositing the eggs had come in 

 the vehicles from the plains, this mode of spread having already 

 been suggested by Gill. A small fish, Danio rerio, about an inch long, 

 is common all over the Jeypore country and lives in shoals in the 

 streams and rice fields, and where it occurred, no larvae were ever 

 found, though there is no actual proof of its larvicidal habits. The 

 variation in total numbers of Anophelines on the 3,000 feet plateau 

 throughout the year was not so remarkable as that of the proportion 

 of different species to the whole. A chart is given showing that 

 A. culicifacies and A. rossi attain their maximum during the rainy 

 season, falling suddenly to a minimum in September, the latter actually 

 disappearing during the dry season. A. jeyporensis, A. listoni, 

 A. maculipalpis, A. fuliginosus and A. theobaldi have a minimum in 

 the rainy, and a maximum in the dry season. The former group are 

 pool or surface-water breeders, and the latter, stream breeders. 

 Fresh water and a moist atmosphere appear to be far more necessary 

 to the breeding of Anophehnes than of CuHcines ; Anophelines were 

 never found in stagnant water, dammed streams and pools, though 

 CuHcines were plentiful there. In the course of the investigation, 

 the following species were met with, viz : — Anopheles (Myzomyia) 

 culicifacies, Giles, A. listoni, Liston, A. albirostris, Theo., A. {Pyre- 

 iophorus) jeyporensis, Theo., A. (Nyssorhynchus) theobaldi, Giles, 



