G9 



H. denocephali, Fantham, from Ctenocephalus canis, can live and 

 multiply inside the mouse and dog respectively ; (2) if such flagellates 

 are inoculated intraperitoneally or are fed by the mouth in food, the 

 flagellates can find their way into the blood stream and internal organs 

 of the vertebrate host ; (3) the insect flagellates are pathogenic to 

 the vertebrates experimented upon, producing symptoms resembling 

 those of leishmaniasis (kala-azar) ; (4) the oval post-flagellate 

 forms appear to be more capable of developing in vertebrate hosts 

 than are other stages of the herpetomonad parasite of the insect ; 

 (5) it may be expected that the various leishmaniases, occurring in 

 different parts of the world, will prove to be insect-borne her- 

 petomoniases. 



Balfour (A.). Tropical Problems in the New World. — Trans. Soc. 



Trop. Med. & Hi/g., London, viii, no. 3, January 1915, 



pp. 75-110, 5 plates. 

 This paper, which is a record of a journey in the West Indies and the 

 northern parts of S.outh America, contains a large number of observations 

 on medical and sanitary matters of which the following are of entomolo- 

 gical interest. Anophelines do not travel so well over sea as does 

 Stegomyia, though they have occasionally made the journey from 

 Bombay to Trieste. Vessels on leaving Georgetown for Barbados 

 are often swarming with mosquitos, but none are to be found on arrival 

 at Bridgetown, the wind apparently clearing them from all exposed 

 parts of the vessel, while those in the holds seem to be unable to survive 

 tight battening for 36 hours. There are apparently suitable mosquito 

 breeding pools and swamps in Barbados, though the fish they contain 

 is not Girardinus poeciloides, but Lebistes reticulatus. Water-bugs of the 

 genus Notoneda are very common in one pool which contained no fish, 

 and possibly these destroy the larvae ; the matter requires investiga- 

 tion ; their larvivorous habits have already been recorded by Willcocks 

 from Khartoum. Stegomyia and Cidex flourish in Barbados and it is 

 suggested that the sanitary administration has not sufficient powers 

 for dealing with them. Filariasis is far from uncommon and Stegomyia 

 fasciata swarms in St. George's. A scheme is on foot in Trinidad for 

 plantmg bamboo on a large scale for the manufacture of paper pulp 

 and the possibility of the cut bamboos supplying ideal breeding places 

 for mosquitos will require attention. It is suggested that yellow fever 

 may possibly exist as an epizootic in howler monkeys and the old 

 negroes are of opinion that whenever these monkeys are found dying 

 and dead in the High Woods, an epidemic of fever is at hand. A case 

 is recorded of a man from Guanaco, on the Venezuelan mainland, dying 

 from yellow fever in Trinidad. No case of yellow fever had been known 

 at Guanaco for 25 years, but this man was employed eight miles from 

 the place in the heart of a virgin forest in which red howler monkeys 

 occur. Stegomyia (Aedes) sexlineata, exists in the High Woods and 

 may be a carrier, and it is considered highly desirable to investigate- 

 the liability or otherwise of the indigenous S. American monkeys to 

 yellow fever. Dr. Agramonte's unsuccessful transmission experiments 

 in Cuba were made on Khesus monkeys, originally natives of India. 

 The mortality of monkeys and its connection with yellow fever 

 epidemics is recognised in Brazil and Colombia, and in 1828, when, 

 yellow fever raged at Gibraltar, the monkeys died in large numbers. 



