94 



show any living flies in the shelter provided. Similar experiments 

 were conducted at Uvalde, Texas. Here, from 18th December 1915 

 to 3rd January 1914, feeding and copulation proceeded ; on January 

 20th, 64 adults were found benumbed by cold outside the hibernation 

 material. None of these revived. On 27th January, a number were 

 active during the warm part of the day ; on 28th January, the last two 

 adults were seen. No living flies were found on an examination of the 

 hibernation material after this date. Where artificial heat was applied 

 the greatest possible longevity was 53 days. In two instances, larval 

 and pupal stages were carried through the winter, from 26th November 

 1913 to 26th May 1914, when adults were observed in the cage. 

 The latter had been placed in partial shade and had been subject to 

 inundation during the winter ; these facts probably account for the 

 late appearance of the adults. Larvae were foimd until 21st March, 

 but would probably have pupated earlier if the manure heap had 

 generated sufficient heat. The lowest temperature recorded during 

 this period was 23° F. Similar tests at Uvalde yielded results agreeing 

 with those above. Examinations of chicken manure in poultry houses 

 in mid-winter, demonstrated the presence of considerable numbers 

 of larvae ; in such situations the cold is not excessive, though not 

 w^rm enough to cause the emergence of the adult. Stables furnish 

 somewhat similar conditions. Destruction of immature stages in 

 winter is therefore of much importance in control ; this may easily 

 be accomplished by thoroughly cleaning out stables, chicken-houses, 

 etc., and scattering the manure thinly over fields. Accumulations 

 of breeding media should be destroyed. 



Headlee (T. J.). The Control of Mosquitoes in a limited locality.— 

 Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, viii, no. 1, February 1915, pp. 40-47. 

 For the past three years, two counties in New Jersey have been 

 trying to control the mosquitos within their limits ; for two years, 

 two other counties have been engaged in similar work. Three of these 

 counties are sufficiently ahke in internal and external conditions to 

 render valuable a comparison of their methods and results. They are 

 referred to as A, B, and C. A description of the geographical conditions 

 and the population of each of the three counties is given ; an area 

 of salt marsh is present in each ; with one exception, an effort has 

 been made to drain all these marshes. The work of control is divided 

 into administration, inspection, and ehmination. Under the head 

 of administration are included the expenses of the commissioners, the 

 salary and expenses of the inspector and his deputies and of the neces- 

 sary clerical staf?. Inspection includes all work done to find the 

 breeding places of mosquitos, and involves the examination of the 

 entire territory every two weeks throughout the 4-5 months' breeding 

 season. In B and C, a certain territory is assigned to an inspector 

 who is held responsible for its condition ; in A, a district is assigned 

 to one inspector and a number of subordinates are given him. Under 

 the term elimination are included all those operations of draining, 

 filling, oiling, cleaning and stocking with fish that are necessary for 

 the removal of breeding places. There is much variation in the amount 

 and kind of equipment used by the different organisations. Education 

 comprises the pubhcation of pamphlets, of newspaper articles, the 

 giving of lectures, and the preparation of exhibits. 



