154 



Culex sitiens, var. milni, Taylor, C. fatigans, Wied., Taeniorhijnchiis 

 (Pseudotaeniorhynchus) conopas, var. giblini, Taylor, T. (Chrysoconops) 

 hrevicellulus, Theo., Mansonioides {Taeniorhynchus) septempimctata, 

 Theo., M. {Taeniorhijnclius) uniformis, Theo., Taeniorhynchus 

 papuensis, Taylor, Melanoconion papuensis, Taylor, Finlaya poicilia, 

 Theo., Uranotaenia nigenima, Taylor, Hodgesia triangidata, Taylor. 



Fantham (H. B.)- Insect Flagellates and the Evolution of Disease, 

 with Remarks on the Importance of Comparative Methods in the 

 Study of Protozoology. — Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasit., Liverpool, 

 ix, no. 2, 30th Jime 1915, pp. 335-348. 



The author discusses the significance of the herpetomonad stage of 

 leishmania, the existence of the herpetomonad stage of leishmania 

 and alhed parasites in man and the occurrence of herpetomonads in 

 plants. As a result of experiments by Laveran and Franchini and 

 by Fantham and Porter, it is now known that a number of species of 

 Herpetomonas and Crithidia, naturally occurring in insects, may be 

 successfully inoculated into or fed to mammals, especially rats and 

 mice, and may become pathogenic to the mammal, whereas they are 

 natural or specific parasites of the host, in which the effects are not 

 marked, passing through a pre-flagellate, a flagellate, resistant post- 

 flagellate, and a leishmaniform stage adapted for extra-corporeal life and 

 for transmission to a new host. Fantham and Porter further showed 

 that flagellates occurring in insects unassociated with the experimental 

 vertebrate may be introduced into it [see this Review, Ser. B, iii, pp. 

 68-69], and in a later paper the researches were extended to cold- 

 blooded vertebrates. The author infers from the results obtained that 

 in them we see leishmaniasis in the maldng, and that probably only 

 one species of Herpetomonas is concerned in adapting itself to life in 

 vertebrates in different parts of the world. This species is known 

 under various names, such as H. pattoni, H. cienocephaU, H. pedicidi, 

 H. donovani, H. infantum, H. tropica. These are probably merely 

 physiological races of a herpetomonad which is very hke H. jaculum, 

 briefly described by Leger in 1902 from the gut of the Hemipteron, 

 Nepa cinerea. This herpetomonad under different conditions of 

 environment produces pathogenic effects in very varying degrees in 

 different vertebrates, from zero as in Dutton and Todd's mice, to high 

 mortality as in Indian kala-azar, and probably zero again in cold- 

 blooded hosts. It is also a flagellate which can probably hve in inverte- 

 brates not already recorded as being infected. The work of Price 

 and Rogers in the tea gardens of Assam, i.e., segregation without 

 waiting for the determination of the precise insect carriers of kala-azar, 

 is warmly commended [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, 67]. 



Weiss (H. B.). Preliminary List of New Jersey Acsium.—Entoin. 



News, Philadelphia, xxvi, no. 4, April 1915, pp. 149-152. 



The following species of ticks and mites attacking man and other 

 animals, are recorded : — Ixodes cookei, Pack., on small mammals ; 

 Haemaphysalis chordeilis. Pack, (bird tick) ; H. leporis-palustris, Pack., 

 on rabbits ; Amblyomma americanum, L. (lone star tick), on a wide 



