162 



the purpose of destroying larvae have proved somewhat attractive 

 to the adult. The disposal of slaughterhouse offal by burning or deep 

 burying will largely prevent the rapid increase of the flies. The sun 

 often destroys a large percentage of larvae developing on a carcass. 

 Where dead animals are not burned or buried, it is important to leave 

 them exposed to the sun rather than in shady places, as is commonly 

 practised. 



Steven (W. S. R.). Report on an Investigation in Regard to the 

 Prevalence of Malaria amongst the Troops stationed at Karachi, 

 1913.— JZ. Royal Army Medical Corps, London, xxiv, no. 3, March 

 1915, pp. 251-261. 



The military camp at Karachi was found to be infested with 

 AnopheHne mosquitos, chiefly Anopheles {Neocellia) stephensi, while a 

 few Anopheles {Cellia) pulcherrima and A. (Nyssomyzomyia) rossi were 

 present. The camp was a definite source of disease to any troops 

 using it, owing to the presence of an infested stream on the west side 

 and a tank bounded on one side by a bank covered with refuse on the 

 north side. A small swamp in which Anophelines were breediug was 

 ordered to be drained. Within the cantonment hmits, mosquitos 

 were found to breed in enormous numbers in catch-pits and garden 

 tanks, Stegomyia and other Culicines being more abundant than 

 Anophelines. The most important breeding place was a stream at 

 the rear of the lines, which was fed mainly by subsoil water. Weeding 

 and trimming the whole stream rendered it free from larvae for some 

 weeks, but it is advisable to convert it into a large cemented channel 

 with a small central bed. During the period of investigation 

 the only measures in force for protecting the cantonment area 

 consisted of a mosquito brigade composed of one soldier and two 

 coolies. Arrangements were made for the extension of this scheme 

 during 1911. The reports of a committee of the Municipal Council 

 showed that effective work could be done by the provision of more 

 efficient drainage of swamps, and by the education of the native popu- 

 lation. The proximity of the native bazaar to the barracks was an 

 important point, as numerous wells in the neighbourhood were found 

 to contain Anophelines, Culex fatigans and Stegomyia fasciata. The 

 provision of a better water supply would make the use of wells and 

 water-storage vessels unnecessary, but the problem is a difficult one, 

 owing to the height of the sui)soil water everywhere. The much 

 heavier rainfall in 1913 was the direct cause of the great increase in 

 malaria. The presence of a small fish, Lebias dispar, living in fresh or 

 brackish waters, was responsible for the absence of larvae in various 

 streams, etc., which otherwise appeared to be excellent breeding 

 places. 



Cases of sand-fly fever at Manora were rare, although Phlehotomus 

 was abundant. 



Marett (Capt. P. J.). Sanitation in War.— JZ. Royal Army Medical 

 Corps, London, xxiv, no. 4, April 1915, pp. 359-366. 



This paper deals with the suppression of flies in an area occupied 

 by a large body of troops of all arms. 8ince there must be men in 

 every camp who at some time have suffered from enteric or allied 



