c 



163 



diseases, and have become carriers, if their excreta be exposed to 

 insects, such as flies, these will become infected and spread the virus. 

 Under these conditions, all flies must be treated as potential ca.rriers, 

 and everything possible must be done to prevent flies from breeding, to 

 kill all flies when found, and to keep them from foodstufls, latrines, 

 and infected patients. 



In Rouen the problem of the disposal of manure is a difficult one, 

 owing to the large accumulation and the lack of transport. It has 

 been 'dealt with in three ways. Heaps are made of old manure, which 

 are dusted with quicklime, covered with earth, and planted with grass 

 and other seeds. As much manure is burned daily as is possible and 

 it is proposed to build incinerators to assist this. A narrow-gauge 

 line has been laid to a natural depression, where the manure is dumped 

 and covered with quicklime and earth and then planted over. As 

 flies shelter at night in buildings and tents, buildings can be sprayed 

 with paraffin, while tents should be rolled up at dawn and the flies in 

 them killed. The best fly-bait is a five per cent, solution of formalin 

 in a plate to which lumps of sugar are added. A stronger solution 

 would be left untouched owing to its odour. To protect foodstuffs, 

 dining-huts and kitchens should be fly-proofed. Foodstuffs requiring 

 special attention are jam, butter, cheese and bread, all of which are 

 good media for bacterial growth. In latrines, as elsewhere, the best 

 deterrent is paraflin. 



Malloch (J. R.). The Chironomidae, or Midges, of Illinois, with 

 particular reference to the Species occurring in the Illinois River. — 



Bull. Illinois State Laboratory Nat. Hist. Urbana, Illinois, x, 

 May 1915, pp. 275-543, 24 plates. [Received 26th July 1915.] 



This paper contains descriptions, with keys to the genera, of the 

 family Chironomidae, of which the Ceratofogoninae are blood- 

 suckers. The larvae of the genus Culicoides are aquatic and, so far 

 as known, all the species are blood-suckers in the adult stage. 

 C. vari'pennis, Coq., was taken on a cow and C. guttipennis, Coq., on a 

 horse ; C. sanguisugus, Coq., was found in company with C. vari'pennis, 

 Coq., hiding in evergreens during the day and attacking a horse. 

 C. fhlebotomus, Will., occurs in St. Vincent, West Indies, as well as 

 in Illinois. Pseudoculicotdes cinctus, Coq., is recorded as attacking 

 man in Florida. The following species are described as new, C. multi- 

 punctatus, C hieroghjiMcus, C. haematopotus biting man, and 

 C crepuscular is. 



Thompson (R. L.). Some Household Insects. — Dept. Agric, Salisbury, 

 Rhodesia, Bull. no. 214, June 1915, 11 pp. 



The life-history of Musca domestica in Rhodesia is as follows : the 

 larvae hatch in from 12 to 24 hours after oviposition, reach maturity 

 in from four to six days, adults emerging in about three days. 

 Oviposition begins from 4 to 14 days later. Control measures must 

 be based on the destruction of breeding places. The most important 

 fact in this connection is that the larvae cannot feed on dry substances. 

 In Rhodesia, the chief breeding places are the open manure heap and 

 the cattle kraal. In the dry season, the number of flies could be 



