171 



the relative susceptibility of various animals and the effect of trans- 

 mission on virulence and the mode of development in the invertebrate 

 host are given. The life-history and habits of Glossina morsHans and 

 G. palpalis are also dealt with. 



In the second lecture, the relations of Tri/pmwsoma brucei with 

 Glossina morsitaris and wild game, and its morphology are discussed 

 at length ; the methods of determining the infectivity of wild tsetse- 

 flies are described and the necessity for the complete destruction of all 

 wild game living in " fly " country is insisted on. 



The third lecture is occupied by a recital of the history of the proof 

 that Glossina jialpalis is the carrier of Trypanosoma gambiense. The 

 reduction, in certain areas, of the number of infected flies following 

 removal of the natives, the cycle of development of the trypanosome 

 in G. palpalis, and the position of cattle and wild game as reservoirs 

 of the disease are discussed. 



In the fourth lecture, T. jjeconnn and its development in the fly and 

 the relation of T. caprae to G. morsitans, are dealt with. The opinion 

 is expressed that, if big game were driven out of fly country, the diseases 

 caused by T. pecorum and T. hmcei would disappear ; that epideniics 

 may be stopped by removing natives from fly areas ; and that clearing 

 and cultivation would probably drive G. palpalis away. 



Shipley (A. E.). Stotnozys, the Stable Fly.—Brit. Med. Jl, London, 

 7th August 1915, pp. 216-218, 7 figs. 



The differences between Stomoxys calcifrans and Musca domestica 

 are explained and the habits of the former described. S. calcitrans 

 is common in farm buildings and in early autumn often comprises 

 50 per cent, of the flies in houses. It is believed to be able to 

 produce fertilised eggs without having had a meal of blood. The 

 larval stage is usually two or three weeks, but may be prolonged to 

 11 or 12 weeks by adverse conditions ; the pupal stage is from 9 to 13 

 days. The whole life-cycle is usually completed in from 27 to 37 

 days. Stomoxijs is chiefly of economic interest as a possible carrier 

 of disease, especially of various forms of trypanosomiasis, such as 

 surra. It is stated that certain threadworms, such as Filaria labiato- 

 papillosa, which occur in the peritoneal cavity and sometimes in the 

 eyes of cattle and deer in India, are undoubtedly conveyed by 

 S. calcitrans. The superficial blood-vessels of the cattle swarm with 

 the larvae of these threadworms, which readily pass through the 

 proboscis of the insect into its stomach. They make their way through 

 the walls of the stomach into the thoracic muscles, where they pass 

 through a resting stage, and are subsequently transferred to a new host. 

 Another serious disease with which this fly has been thought to be 

 connected, is acute epidemic poliomyelitis or infantile paralysis. 



The most efficient way of controlling this pest is to destroy its 

 breeding places. All decaying vegetable matter should be either 

 removed, burnt or buried, the chief methods which have been advocated 

 for the common house-fly, being also applicable to Stomoxiis. If stable 

 manure is carefullv removed, from May to October, at least every seven 

 days, the number"of flies would he materially reduced. Where this is 

 impracticable, manure heaps should be covered with some insecticide, 

 so as to destrov the eggs and larvae. Experiments are still being made 



