172 



with the view of finding a substance capable of killing the eggs, larvae, 

 and pupae, which will be cheap and yet not interfere with the fertilising 

 value of the manure. In America, borax or colemanite (crude calcium 

 borate), calcined, powdered, and applied with a flour-dredger, is 

 recommended. The proportions which seem most effective are 

 C-62 lb. of borax and 0-75 lb. of colemanite to 10 cubic feet or 8 bushels 

 of manure. Tw^o or three gallons of water should then be sprinkled 

 over the manure heap. 



Jones (H. Llewelyn). The Treatment of Trypanosomiasis in Cattle 

 caused by the Trypanosoma fecorum. — Jl. Comp. Path. Therapeut., 

 London, xxviii, pt. 2, June 1915, pp. 154-166, 1 map. 



One of the estates examined is on the banks of the river Buzi, 30 

 miles from the author's headquarters at Beira, Portuguese East 

 Africa. Trypanosomiasis has been in existence there since 1909, 

 though tsetse-flies have never been found on the estate itself. 

 It is supposed that the disease was intioduced by oxen which 

 were brought to the estates from a southern portion of the 

 territory, but when and where those animals became infected, 

 was never discovered. When the author first visited it in May 

 1912, there were on the estate 40 working oxen, 5 donkeys, 

 4 mules, 1 horse, 13 goats. Whilst searching for Glossina, the author 

 caught the following biting flies : Tabamis taeniola, T. gratus, 

 T.fraternus, T.fuscipes, T.africanus, T . biguttatns, T.maculatissitnus, 

 Haematopota distinda, H. decora, Siomoxys nigra, S. omega, and 

 Hippobosca maculata. The horses and mules w^ere housed at night, 

 the other animals being kept inside a small, fenced area. Examination 

 of the blood of all the animals on the 5th May 1912, showed that the 

 following were infected M'ith trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma pecornm) : 

 oxen, 20 ; donkeys, 3 ; mules, 1 ; horses, 1 ; goats, nil. 



In February 1913, a serious outbreak of trypanosomiasis, in 

 which over 1,000 head of cattle died within six months, occurred 

 in the neighbourhood of Beira. In searching for Glossina, the 

 first kraal examined was on higher gi-ound and further inland 

 than the others, and there G. brevipalpis was found in fairly 

 large numbers. The neighbourhood of this kraal is mainly 

 covered with bush and small trees, the fly itself being found in 

 more or less dense forest. About 13 miles to the north of this 

 kraal, large numbers of G. morsitans were also caught. Search 

 has been made at repeated intervals, throughout the various seasons 

 since May 1913, in all the small wooded areas on the flats, but no 

 Glossina has been discovered. Cattle have lived on these flats for 

 over fifteen years, and cattle owners can only once remember similar 

 symptoms in cattle, viz., in 1905. From 1906 onward, no cattle 

 were sent to the forest. At the end of 1912 the Beira flats were so 

 overstocked that about 800 head of Madagascar cattle were sent to 

 the kraal near the forest. These cattle were the property of a butcher, 

 who brought them back at intervals, in small lots, across the flats to 

 Beira. The author is convinced that the disease was thus transmitted 

 from sick to healthy animals on the lower gi'ound through the medium 

 of biting flies such as Tabanidae and Hippoboscidae which swarmed 

 in the district. The flies were of the same species as those caught on 

 the rubber and sugar estates, with the addition of Tabanus ditaematus. 



