202 



for 20 minutes per cubic metre. Eggs on the hair may be destroyed 

 by an ointment made from 2 cc. of the mixture and 8 grms, of vaseline 

 well blended. 



Yakimoff (W. L.). Contribution h I'etude des Leishmanioses de 

 I'homme et du chien dans le Turkestan russe. [Contribution to 

 the Study of Leishmaniasis in Man and the Dog in Russian 

 Turkestan.]— 5 mZ/. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, viii, no. 7, 1915, 

 pp. 474-503. 



Bugs from the beds of soldiers attacked by leishmaniasis and of 

 'Other patients, as well as bugs which had been deliberately fed on the 

 ulcers, were examined, and in no case were bodies resembling Leishmania 

 found in the intestine. An assistant who allowed himself to be bitten 

 by bugs thus fed after 24 hours starvation, suffered no ill effects. Over 

 100 other insects and 160 Anophelines were also examined with negative 

 results. 



LiNNELL (E. M. C). Some observations on Malaria on Rubber Estates. 



— Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, viii, no. 8, July 1915, 

 pp. 239-278, 5 charts. 



This paper is chiefly concerned with the use of quinine as a prophy- 

 lactic against malaria in the Federated Malay States. Flat country 

 can be rendered healthy by open drains, after the jungle has been 

 cleared, but broken country with ravines is difficult to deal with ; open 

 drains are there worse than useless and some form of subsoil drainage 

 is necessary. The malaria rate generally shows a double seasonal 

 wave. The first is highest between April and June and coincides with 

 the first increase in the rainfall, the second rise precedes the second 

 increase of rainfall, which occurs in September and October. As many, 

 if not more, reputed malaria-carrying mosquitos can be caught in the 

 healthy as in the wet season. On a healthy estate there was no 

 seasonal wave ; malaria-carrying mosquitos can be caught in any 

 quantity all the year round and yet there is practically no fever nor 

 does deep cultivation cause an increase of fever. The increase of 

 malaria does not follow the rainfall in such a way as to give time for a 

 new swarm of mosquitos to be hatched out and become infected. The 

 increase of malaria coincides with the flowering of the rubber trees ; 

 this fact is recognised by the Malays. Twenty-four Tamils were taken 

 on arrival from India and were the first to reside in an area surrounded 

 by ravines in which the larvae of Anojjheles [Nyssorhynchus) niaculatus 

 could be found ni quantities. Their blood was free from malarial 

 parasites, but despite large doses of quinine, the daily average of 

 sickness was over 15 per cent, and rose to nearly 20 per cent., 

 even though the dose was greatly increased. In another unhealthy area 

 the following mosquitos were found ■.^Anopheles (Nyssomyzomyia) 

 rossi, A. {Myzorhynchus) sinensis, A. [Myzomyia) albirostris, A. macu-^ 

 latus, and A. fdiginosus. Figures are given of sickness in workers' 

 lines about two miles apart, each set surrounded by ravines in which 

 the larvae of il. macidatus swarmed. One set of lines, largely protected 

 by subsoil drainage, showed a very markedly smaller percentage of 

 sick per diem than the other which was not so protected. 



