223 



continued if filariasis is to be exterminated. In connection with the 

 presence of pellagra, Slomoxys calcitmns, Musca domestica and midges 

 \Culicoides) are all stated to occur in the island. 



Zetek (J.). Behaviour of Anopheles alhimanas, Wied., and tarsi- 

 mnculata, GqqW.— Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, 

 viii, no. 3, September 1915, pp. 221-270, 6 figs. 

 Ano'pheles albimanus and A. tarsi niacidalus are the most important 

 species of mosquitos concerned in the transmission of malaria in the 

 Canal Zone. The study of the behaviour of mosquitos is important 

 to the sanitary inspector, in that it gives him clues as to the measures 

 to adopt, the areas to control, and the best sites for temporary or 

 permanent camps. Wind, temperature and humidity are the most 

 important factors in the environment of the adult mosquito. The 

 winds at Gatun are relatively high, but they die down considerably 

 at dusk. The general mean temperature of the Isthmus of Panama 

 is about 80° F, The average annual rainfall for Gatun for the past 

 nine years has been 129-3 inches. The rains usually fall during the 

 afternoon ; thunder-storms and violent rains are rare. The salinity 

 of the water tested equalled that of the ocean, but did not inhibit 

 breeding. Ordinarily, the water of the salt marsh is greatly evaporated 

 as the dry season advances and its salt content is so increased that 

 mosquito larvae cannot live in it. An increase of rains occurred during 

 the latter part of 1912, whereby the water of the marsh was so diluted 

 that subsequent evaporation did not increase the salt content beyond 

 the critical point. The life-cycle of A. tarsimaculatus was found to 

 occupy from 7 to 9 days. Larvae and pupae were frequently associated 

 with green algae. In the laboratory, change from fresh water to the 

 salt water of the marsh accelerated pupation. The adults were most 

 active at dawn and dusk. Direct observations from boats and on 

 land showed a distinct flight of A. tarsimaculatus and Ochlerofatus 

 (Aedes) taeniorhynchus towards Gatun, beginning at dark and lasting 

 from 30 to 45 minutes. There was a return flight from Gatun to 

 the breeding place beginning at early dawn and lasting about 30 

 minutes. The return flight took place higher in the air and was more 

 rapid. The flight to Gatun was experimentally proved by liberating 

 marked mosquitos at the swamp and later recovering them at Gatun. 

 Pairing probably takes place on the return flight. More males were 

 found near the marsh during the return flight than during the evening 

 flight. Mosquitos were found to hide during the daytime under 

 buildings in Gatun, a low estimate placing the number of A. tarsi- 

 maculatus in such positions at 10,000 per day. Both A. tarsiniaculatus 

 and 0. taeniorhynchus exhibited extreme voracity and continued to 

 suck blood although placed in direct sunlight. 



Neiva (A.). Presenca em uma localidade do Estado do Rio de um 

 novo transmissor da " Molestia de Chagas " encontrado infectado 

 em condiooes naturaes. (Nota previa.) [Occurrence in a locality 

 in the State of Rio of a new carrier of Chagas' disease found 

 infected under natural conditions.] — Brazil-Medico, Rio de Janeiro, 

 xxviii, no. 35, 15th September 1914, pp. 333 335. 

 An example of Triatoma vitticeps, Stal, has been found to be naturally 



infected with Trypanosonm cruzi. This new carrier of Chagas' disease 



