A MoHOgraph of Egyptian Diptera. 



"etc., arc o-cncrally sliortcr and Icss distinct; the poslciior spira- 

 '•cularprocess is présent as in tli? larva (but witliout function), 'l'iic 

 "p'-othoracal spiracles of thc pupa hehave, as iniMitioncd ahove in 

 'dilfci'cnt ways ; in niany spccies (inost cit' llie Si/r/z/iinac) tlicy do 

 "not protriido tlirougli llu- pnpariinn and an- tlnis not visible. 

 "externally, but. in sninc oT tlu- Si/r/i/iiiirr- and in nearly al! flic 

 "others they protrude as shmief or Ioniser anferinr spiracular 

 "tulyes, beset with tuberclcs in varinns ways. 1'iic jioiuts lliron^li 

 "whicli tliey protrndc arc (itt;Mi (pciliaps always) i)ret'oiiiK>d in Ihc 

 "larval skin; tlicsi^ points li(> in tlic lirsl abdominal sej^inent ... 'I"hc 

 '■o[)cnin<;- of tlic pu|)ariuni lakcs placo in a. way cliai'acteristic for 

 "tlic fainily ; two pièces arc detaciicd, i)oth hclon^inu' (o the doisal 

 "side; the lowcr pièce stretclics froni the inoiilh opeiiinn' "^''''' " 

 '■part of prothorax, over inesothorax and a pai't of niilathorjix, 

 "flie uiipcr pièce then continues over the rest of in(>(a1 horax, the 

 "first and second aixlominal sci^nienls and a part of tlic third 

 "alxloniinal segment; this hit ter pièce has ncar its aiiterior mariai n 

 "thc anterior spiracuhir tnhcs, when snch arc présent. As said il 

 "is only the dorsal part of the se.ginents wliieli are detaehed. This 

 "mode of opeuing is quitc another tlian in otliL-r < 'i/c/orr/ia/t/id, 

 "wlicre botli dorsal and ventral parts are detaehed, and it is in 

 "connection with the fact that in the Syrphid pnpa thc niouth 

 "opening by the contraction has beconie situated quitc downwards 

 "at the lower anterior niargin and is not terminal as in most othcr 

 "cyclorrhaphous pupae. Rrauer in his work on the lai'vae has 

 "given a quite erroneous statement, as he says that the lower sidc 

 "of the anterior segments by the contraction at the pnpation 

 "becomes situated teimiinally at the anterior end, while it is in 

 "reality quite opposite. De Meijere has thoroughly described and 

 "figured the facts for some Svrphid viwte (Zool. Jahrb. Abthcil. 



"fur Syst., XIV, 1900, 122, Taf. 7 Fig. 37-39) As the 



"Syrphids hâve no fi'ontal bladdci- thc opening must be causcd in 

 "another way. IJecker says (Wien. ent. Zeitg. I, 1882. 51), that il 

 "is caused by a widening of the epistoma (Untergesicht), this is 

 "also so ; when a pupa is taken ont of the puparium the cpistojna 

 "is somewhat folded in, and it gets first its final more or less 

 "protruding shape by the opening of the puparium. The pupae 

 "are generally fonnd in the same places as the larvae. The deposi- 

 "tjon of the cggs takes place where the larvae live ; the eggs of 

 "Syrphus are laid singly between Aphids on leaves. ..." 



The only record î can trace of Syrphidae being attacked bv 

 Darasitic hymenoptera in Egypt is Bassus lœtatorii/s Fabr., whicli 

 has been bred from a larva of Syrphus sp. by Mr. T.W. Kirkpa- 

 trick ; a good many howevcr hâve been bred in Europe from 

 Lasioj^hthicus, Xanthogramina, Eristalis, Syrphus and other gênera. 



