14 H. C. EFFLATOUN^ ^^^^ 



2nd group. 



Larvae living in the flower-heads of Compodtae; they verv 

 rarely produce galls in the parts attaeketl ; thèse belong to the 

 TrypaneAninae and Urop/iorinae. 



Zrd gronp. 



Larvae living in the stems, flower-stems, leaves and huds, 

 chiefly of Compositdf and UmbeUifcrae ; thèse lielong to some of the 

 Ceratitinae. 



4ith groiq). 



Larvae living and producing galls in flowers, stems and roots; 

 thèse belong to the Trypaneininae. 



The eggs of the Trypaneidae in gênerai are elongate, eylin- 

 drical and rounded at both ends; their shell is whitish, thin and 

 smooth; and sometimes under high magnification it shows diverse 

 sculpturing; at the anterior or eephalic end there is a central tuber- 

 culiform micropyle, which, when seen under the microscope ap- 

 pears as a prominent tubercle. Sometimes they may be crescent 

 shaped. The dorsal surface is usually convex and the ventral sur- 

 face almost flattened; their length is usually less than 0.9 mm. and 

 breadth about 0.1 to 0.08 mm. 



The lavpae présent very important characters for the object 

 of discriminating the gênera and species and should be, in future, 

 much more keenly and carefully considered by systematists. They 

 are whitish maggots, rounded and conical, more or less elongate 

 and often ellipsoïdal ; they are pointed in front and abruptly trun- 

 cated behind and are composed of from 12 to 14 segments (includ- 

 ing the head), those of the eephalic end being very small and often 

 very difficult to distinguish. In the last stage the larva is amphip- 

 neustic; the anterior spiracles are either on the second or third 

 segment, small, crown-shaped and consist each of small papillae 

 joined at the base; at the apex of each papilla there is an aperture. 

 The posterior spiracles are placed on the last segment over the anus 

 and nearer the dorsal than the ventral aspect ; they are larger than 

 the anterior spiracles, darker in colour, being yellowish or brown- 

 ish and more or less prominent; each spiracle bears at the end a 

 plate with three respiratory apertures which vary somewhat in 

 shape. The body is often completely smooth but sometimes the ven- 

 tral surface bears transverse rows of .small spines. The anal end is 

 usually somewhat impressed and often surrounded by a variable 



