t6 H. C. EFFLATOUN. 



the segmentation is distinct and the pupa lias a dull glistening ap- 

 pearance. Myiojntes blotti, according to Bezzi has a thin, smooth, 

 yellow puparium without a shining surface and with less distinct 

 segmentation; the posterior spiracles are very small and rather 

 distant. Ensina sonchi, according to the same author, has u 

 very shining, thin, transparent, white puparium, with less distinct 

 segmentation and rather distant, yellow posterior spiracles. The 

 puparium of Sphunella marginata is extremely thin, shining and 

 brownish black; it is very convex on the dorsal surface, where the 

 segmentation is indistinct, and concave on the ventral surface, 

 which is segmented and finely denticulate; the posterior spiracles 

 are black and very approximated. Bezzi further states that accor- 

 ding to Mik the species of the genus Oœyna hâve thin, smooth, flat- 

 segmented, pale ferruginous puparia, and those of Tephiitis thick, 

 wrinkled, more strongly segmented puparia. The puparium of 

 Spheniscomyia is pale ferruginous and that of Euaresta iphionar' 

 yellow to brownish-yellow. TerelUa ijlaniscutellata Beck. has a most 

 remarkable puparium ; it is very broad, flat ventrally and very 

 convex dorsally, punctate and with a very deep and conspicuous 

 segmentation; while that of Aciiira tthialis is smooth. very shining 

 and of an almost metallic blue colouration. 



A good many Hymenopterous parasites and predators of Try- 

 paneidae are known and some of thèse hâve been used with success 

 to cope with thèse pests. Among the parasites of the genus Dacus 

 are known some Braconids of the genus Opius, such as O. concoloi\ 

 0. dacicida, 0. lounsburyi and 0. afrîcanus orientalis which are ail 

 parasites of D. oleae. 0. dexter is a parasite of D. longistylus, 0. 

 perproœimus and O. humilis of Ceratitis capitata. Members of He- 

 dylus, Diachasma and Biosteres are parasitic on species of Dacus 

 while Sigalphus daci and Bracon celer are both known to be para- 

 sitic on Dacus oleae as well as many Chalcidids of the gênera 

 Kvopimus, Tetrastichus, Syntomosphyrum, Dinarmus, Eurytoma, 

 Eulophus and Ormynis. Members of the genus Ceratitis are para- 

 sitised by Braconids of the gênera Opius, Hedylus, Diachasma and 

 Biosteres; by Proctotrypids of the gênera Galcsiis and Trichoprin 

 and by Chalcidids of the gênera Dirhinus, Spulangia, Tetrasticus 

 and Syntomosphyrum. 



Among the family Formicidae some species of the gênera Dory- 

 lus, Aiiomma and Acromyrma are known to be predacious on pupae 

 and larvae of Dacus and Ceratitis. 



