18 H. C. EF FLATOtJN. 



than the second basai cell. Pattern of the wiiigs usually very simple 

 and reduced to a fore border and some stripes; banded wings are 

 very rare, and reticulated wings are never found. 



The principal character of the subfamily is the reduced chae- 

 totaxy of the head and the thorax. The species are tropical or sub- 

 tropical and live almost exclusively in the old world. The larvae live 

 only in fruits of varions kinds and are never gall-makers." 



"2. Subfamily Trypaneinae. Antennae usually shorter than 

 the face, with a bare, pilose or plumose arista. Oc. mostly présent, 

 strong or small, as also the j^vt.; ocp. more or less developed, but 

 never wanting. Hm. always présent but in a single case wanting; 

 fTst. rarely wanting; anterior sa présent; fvsc and usually one or 

 rarely two pairs of de. présent; st. almost always présent; ft. usual- 

 ly strong. Scutellum usually with two pairs of bristles but some- 

 times with three pairs; if only one pair is présent it is always the 

 basai (not the apieal) pair, that is to say, the apical pair only can be 

 wanting. Anterior femora usually bristly below (bare in Euphranta). 

 Abdomen of the female with the last segment distinct and the others 

 never fused together; the ovipositor usually flattened (cylindrical in 

 some Anastrepha, C arpophthoromyia and Urophora). Auxiliary vein 

 distinct ; the f irst three longitudinal veins not approximated ; second 

 basai cell not dilated ; anal cell not narrowed, with the inferior 

 angle drawn ont into a point or not, shorter or longer than the second 

 basai cell. Pattern of the wings varying from the banded to the reti- 

 culated type, rarely absent. The species are found in tropical, tem- 

 perate and even cold countries; the larvae live in fruits, or in varions 

 parts of vegetables, and are very often gall-makers. 



This great subfamily includes most of the proposed gênera of 

 Trypaneids. No attempts hâve been made to subdivide it and I think 

 that Loew in his generic divisions has laid too much stress on the 

 pattern of the wings, chiefly for practical purposes. Schiner has 

 followed Loew with some little modification, and so hâve ail sub- 

 séquent writers. Rondani, in 1S70, has given a more scientific arran- 

 gement, but he lays too much importance on the relative lengths of 

 the varions portions of the fourth longitudinal vein. I think that the 

 subdivision of the subfamily Trypaneinae into other groups of sub- 

 family rank is not at présent possible ; but I am of opinion that three 

 secondary groups or tribes can bc distinguished by the following 

 characters: — 



Ist Tribe : Ceratitininae. Occipital row formed by thin black 

 bristles, which at the most are yellow only in the post-vertical région; 

 or the row is almost wanting, being only distinct in the superior 

 portion. Arista often pilose or plumose. Thorax mostly clothed on 



