214 
The pygofer of the male is formed of the ninth tergite, 
together with the coxites (or endopodites) of the eighth sternite, 
except in the Cicadidae. In the Cercopidae, Membracidae, and 
Cicadellidae the anterior processes (g 1) are often free, broad 
plates (the genital plates of systematists). These are sometimes 
joined together for most of their length and amalgamated to 
the pygofer, but they are distinctly present in some form. In 
the genus Tettigometra g 1 are well developed and distinct as in 
the families above mentioned. In all other Fulgoroidea they are 
generally indistinguishable, having been completely incorporated 
into the pygofer, or they form comparatively small processes on 
the pygofer. In the Cicadidae the coxites and eighth sternite 
form a large plate, the hypandrium, below the pygofer, and the 
pygofer is membraneous along the median ventral surface. The 
genital styles (g 3) are well developed and articulate in all the 
families with the exception of the Cicadidae, where they are 
rudimentary and fixed on the sides of the pygofer. They are 
large and complex in some Fulgoroidea. The aedeagus in its 
simplest form appears to consist of a swollen basal portion, the 
periandrium, and a more distal portion, the penis, which is gen- 
erally tubular. But this organ is the most polymorphic of all the 
genitalia, and in the fulgorids forms good distinctions between 
some of the families. In some male fulgorids the eighth abdom- 
inal sternite is distinct and free from the pygofer, in others it is 
closely attached to the pygofer and in still other species it is 
amalgamated to the pygofer and not recognizable as a separate 
sclerite. 
THE FAMILIES OF THE FULGOROIDEA,. 
Although I fully recognize the value of Hansen’s work, yet 
I am compelled to differ from his conclusion that the thousand 
and odd genera of the Fulgoroidea form but a single family. 
The external characters that separate these genera into groups 
are much more distinct than many ofttimes used in other orders 
for the erection of families, and in most cases these characters 
are supported by good distinctions in the male genitalia. 
In discussing the venation of the Fulgoroidea, Metcali’ re- 
marks: ‘‘While the wing venation of most of the insects that 

1 Ann. Ent. Soe. America, VI, 3 (1913), p. 343. 
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