223 
in which the ovipositor rests, and the hind tibia seldom has 
spines. In the other genera the ovipositor is incomplete and 
often considerably reduced, the abdomen is not flattened later- 
ally but often flattened horizontally; the pygofer is flat, broader 
than long and covered with wax glands; the tegmina very 
slightly tectiform, and the hind tibiae often have spines. 
In the normal type of aedeagus of the Cixiinae the perian- 
drium is tubular, membraneous or chitinous, and often bears 
spines or other processes; the penis is often complex and large 
(figs. 7 and 8), or it is greatly reduced and difficult to separate 
as a distinct part of the aedeagus (fig. 25). There is a tubular 
apodeme from the base of the penis, passing through the perian- 
drium and connected with the apodemes of the genital styles. 
The ejaculatory duct passes through this apodeme and opens on 
the penis. In the genus A/nemosyne Stal the periandrium and 
apodeme of penis are amalgamated into one and form a strong, 
chitinous mass, with, in some species, a small membrane at apex 
to represent the penis (fig. 3). The genus Kinnara (fig. 4) is 
the exception to this type. 
In the Meenoplinae (fig. 6) and in the genus Kinnara (fig. 4) 
the periandrium is large, more or less funnel-shape, and the 
penis is drawn into it, the base of the penis often projecting 
through and beyond the base of the periandrium. The penis is 
sometimes also funnel-shape. 
The Delphacidae, Derbidae, Tropiduchidae, and Achilixiidae 
have the aedeagus as in the Cixiimae, or modifications of it, 
while the other nine families have the aedeagus on the Meenop- 
linae type. 
The fact that the Tettigometridae contain representatives of 
the two types of genitalia in generalized conditions indicates 
that the two subfamilies may have arisen among the precixiids, 
and should be regarded as distinct families. 
Unfortunately for systematists we cannot use the absence or 
presence of spines on the hind tibiae, or the complete or incom- 
plete ovipositor, to divide the Cixiini, as there are too many 
intermediate stages. 
The family will be greatly enlarged by a slight amount of 
collecting in the tropics. 
