230 
or three median longitudinal carina. The family is closely con- 
nected with the Fulgoridae. At present it contains a number of 
aberrant forms which make it difficult to define. It is also diff- 
cult to separate from those Cixiidae without a median oceilus. 
The periandrium is large, often funnel-shape, membraneous 
or semi-membraneous, and often has the apical margin divided 
into lobes (fig. 29). The penis is a short tube or ring with two 
long processes (fig. 18, 29 a) very similar to the type found in 
the Fulgoridae (fig. 16). 
VIII. FuLcoripae. 
Fulgorellae Latreille (1807), Ger. Crust. Ins., VII, p. 163; type Ful- 
gvora, Linn, Syst. (Nat. .(1/67),; dap: 703; 
Kirkaldy ' considered that the type of the genus Fulgora is 
europaea Linn. and, therefore, should: be used in place of Dicty- 
ophara Germ. For Fulgora auctt. (type Laternaria Linn.) he 
used Laternaria Linn., which agrees with Stal. The question 
appears to stand upon whether Sulzer’s fixation of the type in 
1776 be valid. Van Duzee does not follow Kirkaldy, and as I 
am not in a position to follow the history of this name I shall 
place myself with the majority and not make the alteration. 
The family stands with about one hundred or more generic 
names. It needs a modern revision, as nothing has been done 
to it since Stal’s time except in local faunistic works where a 
number of genera have been described. It contains the largest 
and most showy species of the superfamily, and so has attracted 
more attention from collectors than any of the others. In some 
species the head is greatly elongated and enlarged, and has been 
stated by some to be luminous. The controversy on this subject 
is old, but an explanation may be found in Kershaw’s discovery 
that the prolongation of the head is filled by a diverticulum 
from the crop. The head at times may be filled with bacteria 
from the stomach and be in the same condition as the silkworm 
larva when attacked by luminous bacteria. 
The reticulation of the anal area of the hind-wings appears 
to be a constant character of this family, and cross-veins are 
numerous on the tegmina, which are comparatively narrow. The . 
costal area is absent or forms but a narrow area without trans- 
1 Haw. Sug. Planters’ Exp. Sta. Ent. Bull., XII, p. 11, 1913. 
