stems mostly concealed by the leaf sheaths, leaves rigid and 

 nearly always aculeate tipped, and generally finely dissected, 

 mostly large and densely tufted plants a foot or two high, but 

 some "alpine and small, nearly evenly distributed between four 

 life zones. 



The first section is Scopulicola, embracing C. basalticus, 

 C. Rosd (Aulospermum Rosei Jones C. & R. Umb. 179 1900), 

 C. Owenensis, C. Jonesii, C. purpureus. This group connects 

 directly with Phellopterus through the first species and with 

 Pteryxia through the latter species and C. Panamintensis. It 

 is characterized by the few and small crowns and few leaf- 

 sheaths, being nearly acaulescent, peduncles decumbent at 

 base, leaves flat on the ground, feet elongated but not rising 

 above the ground, from a deep and tuberous mostly horizontal 

 root which is simple or few branched, flowers yellow or black- 

 purple, involucres none, involucels of small bractlets about 2 

 lines long or less and mostly distinct, fruit about orbicular, 

 about 3-4 lines long, emarginate at both ends when mature, 

 with very broad wings fully developed on the face, cross sec- 

 tion of wings triangular to deltoid at seed, but thin beyond or 

 subulate, rays evident and mostly stout and short, raylets 

 none to 2 lines long; leaves broad, pinnate to bipinnate or bi- 

 ternate with final divisions large and variously incised or 

 toothed with triangular to very broad and short apiculate 

 teeth, never with linear lobes, coarse and very rigid, but not 

 Inrge leaves. The species grow in the Lower Temperate Life 

 Zone, mostly where the soil is thin and underlaid by rocks, and 

 among rocks but not on cliflFs or in the crevices of rocks, to 



The second section of this division is Pteryxia Nutt., em- 

 bracing C. Panamintensis, C cinerarius, C. aborigmum and its 

 varieties, C. terebinthinus, C. foeniculaceus, C calcareus, 

 C. Californicus (Pteryxia Californica C & R. Umb. 172, 1900), 

 (which is doubtfully distinct from C. calcareus), C. albiflorus, 

 C. thapsoides and C. petraeus. This group is characterized by 

 having caespitose woody roots with very thick crowns densely 

 clad with old and short and fibrous leaf sheaths and dead 

 petioles forming a dense mass ; roots apparently not tuberous, 

 though rarelv fleshy and always branched, usually going 

 down indefinitely or spreading out in the crevices, but never 

 fibrous; leaves erect or ascending and many at the crown, 

 rigid, leathery, and aculeate tipped, finely dissected into minute 



