36 FISHERY AND FUR INDUSTRIES OF ALASKA IN 1912. 



That is, the run for 1913 should be 134,000 for the two streams. 



From this calculation we arrive at an approximate figure of 500 

 hatcheiy-produced fry to bring back one adult redfish. 



At no other streams have the hatching operations been complete 

 for a sufficient time to permit estimates. At Hetta the fish scatter 

 about the lake margins and many have spawned naturally until 

 the last two years, when scarcity of spawners has led to a more 

 industrious effort to take all the fish. A similar condition obtained 

 to a degree at Klawak and Quadra. Even at the Fortmann and 

 Yes Lake hatcheries a certain percentage escape or spawn naturally 

 during high water, and, as mentioned above, there is always a con- 

 siderable number of fish which spawn naturally at the former of 

 these stations, but it must be swamped as a factor of influence in 

 the very large artificial output. 



Heretofore it has been the custom when sockeyes were not avail- 

 able to fill the hatcheries to supplement the take with cohos and 

 even humpbacks. To hatch the latter can at least do no damage 

 to the sockeye output, since this species leaves the fresh water as 

 fry. With the cohos it is otherwise. The coho fingerling is an 

 active enemy of smaller fish. Many of them linger in fresh water 

 for the first year after hatching, leaving usually on the spring floods, 

 when the sockeye fingerlings migrate. They bear the same relation 

 to small salmon that trout of similar size do. Their propagation in 

 the same fresh water with sockeyes is not to be commended. Dr. 

 Gilbert has found that the adult cohos are derived almost wholly 

 from young migrating as yearlings, hence any output of the hatchery 

 to be of value must remain in the lakes and streams where it will prey 

 upon the sockeye young for the greater part of a year. Coho young are 

 larger at hatching and grow more rapidly, hence there might be more 

 or less cannibalism among those of the same age after a few months. 

 No cohos are now hatched at the Fortmann hatchery, nor allowed to 

 spawn naturally in the upper lake. It is the belief of the superin- 

 tendent who was in charge of the C^allbreath experiment for several 

 years, that the propagation of cohos at the Jadski hatchery helped 

 to defeat the success of that station. The maintenance of this latter 

 station at Jadski stream for some 15 years by Mr. Callbreath at his 

 personal expense is one of the most interesting incidents in the histoiy 

 of the Alaska salmon fishery. 



Firmly imbued with the belief that every salmon returns to the 

 stream or lake of its birth to spawn, and convinced of the advantages 

 of protected propagation, Mr. Callbreath foresaw large profits from 

 the cultivation of fish in private or privileged reserves. Unfaltering 

 in his conviction as to the correctness of these two fundamental 

 propositions, he expended a small fortune in the prosecution of the 

 cuterpiise and even then surrendered only to age and infirmity. The 



