Xll CONTENTS 



Page 



Family Characinidse 91 



Order 5. Nematognathi 91 



Family Siluridae (Catfish; bullheads) 91 



Order 6. Haplomi 97 



Family i. Umbridae (Mud minnows) 97 



Family 2. Esocidae (Pike and pickerel) 98 



Family 3. Poeciliidae (Killifish) 100 



Family 4. Amblyopsidae (Blind fishes) 107 



Order 7. Synentognathi 108 



Family Exocoetidae (Billfish) 108 



Order 8. Acanthopteri (Spiny- rayed fishes) 108 



Key to the suborders of Acanthopteri io8 



Suborder i. Hemibranchii 109 



Family Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks) 109 



Suborders. Salmopercae (Trout perch) iii 



Family Percopsidae in 



Suborder 3. Percesoces 112 



Family Atherinidae (Silversides) 112 



Suborder 4. Percoidei 113 



Family I. Aphredoderidae (Pirate perch) 113 



Family 2. Elassomidae (Pigmy sunfish) 114 



Family 3. Centrarchidas (Sunfish; black bass) 114 



Family 4. Percidae (Perch; darters) 121 



Family 5. Serranidse (White bass; striped bass; yellow bass) . . 137 



Family 6. Sciaenidae. (Drums) 138 



Suborder 5. Holconoti (Surf fishes) 139 



Family Embiotocidae 139 



Suborder 6. Chromides 139 



Family Cichlidae 139 



Suborder 7. Loricati 139 



Family Cottidae (Sculpins) 139 



Suborder 8. Gobioidei 142 



Family Gobiida; (Gobies) 142 



Suborder 9. Anacanthini 142 



Family Gadidae (Cods) 142 



Suborder 10. Heterostomata (Flat-fishes) 143 



Family Soleids 143 



CLASS 2. AMPHIBIANS 144 



History 144 



Number and distribution 145 



Key^to the orders of Amphibia in the United States 145 



Order i. Caudata (Salamanders) 145 



On the identification of caudate Amphibia 146 



Key to the suborders of the Caudata 147 



Suborder i. Proteida ,. • ■ 147 



Family Proteidae (Mudpuppies) 147 



Suborder 2. Mutabilia (Salamanders; newts) 147 



Family i. Amphiumidas (Congo snakes) . 148 



Family 2. Cryptobranchidae (Hellbenders) 148 



Family 3. Ambystomidag (Salamanders) 148 



Family 4. Salamandridaj (Newts) 152 



Family 5. Plethodontidae (Salamanders) 154 



On the identification of the larvas of the Plethodontidfe 165 



