CHAPTER IX. 



ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY. 



Inquiries proposed — Whether the Mutes possess a Mental Principle — 

 Whether its Qualities are similar to those manifested by the Human 

 Mind — AVhether the Differences are of Degree, or of Kind — Considerations 

 from Structural Organization — The Principle of Life — Memory — Reason 

 — Imagination — The Will — Appetites and Passions — Lunacy of Animals 

 — General Conclusions. 



The popular mind has always been in advance of 

 the metaphysicians with reference to the mental en- 

 dowments of animals. For some reason there has 

 been a perpetual hesitation among many of the latter 

 to recognize, in the manifestations of the animal 

 mind, the same characteristics that are displayed by 

 the human intellect: lest the high position of man 

 should be shaken or impaired. Besides this, the con- 

 nection in man between the intellectual faculties and 

 the moral sense is found to be so intimate, that the 

 concession of the former has seemed, to cautious 

 minds, to draw after it the necessary admission of 

 the latter. In attempting to escape this imaginary 

 dilemma, the metaphysicians have been betrayed, as 

 it would seem, into a false position. This is shown 

 by the invention, in modern times, of a vague, not to 

 say jfictitious, principle, with which all animals have 

 been arbitrarily endowed for the government and 

 maintenance of their lives. There can be no objec- 

 tion to the use of this principle, which is termed "in- 

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