ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY. 277 



a mute, «ind the corresponding manifestations on the 

 part of a man, we are led to the conclusion that the 

 difference is one of degree, and not of kind; and 

 therefore that the principle from which they emanate 

 is the same in kind, but bestowed in different meas- 

 ure, to adapt each species to its particular mode of 

 life. 



This theory, when rightly considered, is neither 

 novel nor subversive of moral truth. The general 

 intelligence of mankind, which embodies, in a greater 

 degree than is usually supposed, the highest sense of 

 the human understanding, never adopted the spec- 

 ulations of the metaphysicians with reference to the 

 endowments of the inferior animals. On the con- 

 trary, it has ever been disposed to recognize in them 

 the possession of a rational, thinking principle, as free 

 to act as the mind of man. To this view later 

 writers are drawing sensibly nearer. Among the 

 number. Max Mliller has quite recently put forth 

 some very sensible observations. "I mean," he re- 

 marks, "to claim a large share of what we call our 

 mental faculties for the higher animals. These ani- 

 mals have serisation, perception, memory, will, and in- 

 tellect — only we must restrict intellect to the inter- 

 lacing of single perceptions. All these points can be 

 proved by irrefragable evidence. * * * There are, 

 no doubt, many people who are as much frightened 

 at the idea that brutes have souls, and are able to 

 think, as by ^the blue ape without a tail.' * •=' * 

 It does not follow that brutes have no souls, because 

 they have no human souls. It does not follow that 

 the souls of men are not immortal, because the souls 

 of animals are not immortal; nor has the major 



