MAMMALS 265 



regions except the Ethiopean and Australian; 3 genera, one of which, 

 Thalarctos Gray, includes the Polar bear, T. maritimus (Phipps). 



I. Euarctos Gray. American black bears. Color black or dark 

 brown; facial contour straight; head short and broad; snout depressed; 

 dentition t,/t,, i/i, 4/4, 2/3; molars very broad and tuberculate: North 

 America; about 10 species and subspecies, 6 in the United States, 

 omnivorous, mainly nocturnal animals which hibernate in the winter 

 in the cold portion of their range, but not in the warmer portions. 

 The young, from i to 3 in number, are born in midwinter. 



E. amercanus (Pallas). Black bear; cinnamon bear. Body black, 

 with a. brown muzzle, or entirely brown, there being two color phases, 

 the cinnamon bear of the northern Rockies being the brown phase; 

 length 1,540 mm.; tail 120 mm.; weight up to 500 lbs.: forest lands of 

 North America north of the Gulf States and the Sierra Madre in 

 Mexico; Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral zones; 

 climbs trees readily. 



Subspecies of E. americanus 



E. a. americanus (Pal.). North America. 



E. a. amhlyceps (Baird). Color brown: southern Texas. New 

 Mexico and Arizona. 



E. floridaniis (Merriam). Head very long, high and narrow: 

 Florida, northwards into Georgia. 



E. liiteolus (Griffith). Color yellowish brown, darker on the nape; 

 similar to E. americanus, but with a long, flattened skull: Louisiana 

 and eastern Texas. 



E. aUifrontalis (Elliot). Color black; nose tan: forehead broad, 

 high and bulging: Clallam County, Washington. 



2. UrsusL. Grizzlies and Big Brown Bears. Color light brown or 

 yellowish brown, often with scattered white-tipped hairs; facial contour 

 concave ; size large or very large : numerous species in the nearctic and 

 palearctic regions; North American species numerous (Merriam lists 

 86 species and subspecies), which fall into two general groups which 

 grade into each other, (i) the Grizzlies, ranging in the southerly and 

 northerly Rockies, the Central Platteau and Great Plains regions, and 

 (2) the Big Brown Bears, ranging in Alaska and the x\laskan Islands; of 

 the latter U. middendorffi IMerriam and U. gigas (Merriam) are the 

 largest and heaviest of all the Carnivora. 



U. horrihilis Ord. Grizzly bear. Color brownish yellow, being 

 darker on the back and legs; fur long and shaggy; length up to 2,500 

 mm.; weight up to i.ooo lbs.: western America from Mexico, New 



